2023年考研英语二真题及答案(逐词逐句翻译)

2023 年考研英语二真题及答案（逐词逐句翻译）

Section IUse of English

第一部分 英语的运用

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

说明：

阅读以下文本。为每个编号的空白处选择最佳单词，并在答题卡上标记A、B、C或D。（10分）

Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business, and though you’re making a nice 1 , you need to find a way to take it to the next level. What you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.

这是当今许多企业家都会面临的一个常见情况：你是一家小企业的首席执行官，虽然你正在赚取不错的利润，但你需要找到一种方法将其提升到一个新的水平。你需要做的是通过建立一个增长团队来优先考虑增长。增长团队由公司内部不同部门的成员组成，它利用协作的力量，专注于寻找增长的方法。

Let’s look at a real-world 4 . Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The 6 was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And 7 improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.

让我们来看一个现实世界的例子。在组建增长团队之前，软件公司BitTorrent有50名员工，分别在工程、营销和产品开发等传统部门工作。直到2012年，他们的业绩一直不错，但增长开始停滞。问题在于，有太多客户使用的是他们产品的基本免费版。尽管付费的高级版有所改进，但很少有人愿意升级。

Things changed, 8 , when an innovative project-marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.

然而，当一位富有创新精神的营销项目经理加入公司，组建了一个增长团队，并激发了他们所需的新视角时，情况发生了变化。从营销的角度来看待工程问题，很明显，缺乏升级并不是因为质量问题。大多数客户根本不知道高级版本及其提供的服务。

Armed with this 12 , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version. 14, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.

基于这一洞察，营销和工程团队联手合作，通过向免费版用户重点推广高级版来提高用户认知度。结果，升级数量激增，收入增长了92%。

But in order for your growth team to succeed, it needs to have a strong leader. It needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement. This leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals.

但是，为了让你的成长团队取得成功，它需要一个强有力的领导者。这个领导者需要能够团结跨学科团队，并确保他们朝着改进的方向前进。这位领导者将确定目标领域，设定明确的目标，并为实现这些目标制定时间框架。

The growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focused on moving forward and steering them clear of distractions. 19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.

成长型领导者还负责让团队专注于前进，并引导他们远离干扰。尽管新想法很有吸引力，但可能会分散注意力，团队领导者必须认识到，当这些想法不符合当前目标时，需要将其搁置。

1. A. purchase购买

B. profit利润

C. connection连接

D. bet赌注

2. A. define定义

B. predict预测

C. prioritize优先考虑

D. appreciate欣赏

3. A. exclusively仅

B. temporarily暂时地

C. potentially潜在地

D. initially最初

4. A. experiment实验

B. proposal提案

C. debate辩论

D. example示例

5. A. identical相同的

B. marginal边际的

C. provisional临时的

D. traditional传统的

6. A. rumor谣言

B. secret秘密

C. myth神话

D. problem问题

7. A. despite尽管

B. unlike与……不同

C. through通过

D. besides此外

8. A. moreover此外

B. however然而

C. therefore因此

D. again再次

9. A. inspected经过检查的

B. created创建的

C. expanded扩展的

D. reformed改革后的

10. A. cultural文化

B. objective目标

C. fresh新鲜的

D. personal个人

11. A. end结束

B. burden负担

C. lack缺乏

D. decrease减少

12. A. policy政策

B. suggestion建议

C. purpose目的

D. insight洞察力

13. A. contributing贡献

B. allocating分配

C. promoting促进

D. transferring转移

14. A. As a result因此

B. At any rate无论如何

C. By the way顺便说一句

D. In a sense从某种意义上说

15. A. unite联合

B. finance金融

C. follow跟随

D. choose选择

16. A. share分享

B. identify识别

C. divide分割

D. broaden拓宽

17. A. announcement公告

B. assessment评估

C. adjustment调整

D. accomplishment成就

18. A. famous著名的

B. responsible负责的

C. available可用的

D. respectable体面的

19. A. Before之前

B. Once曾经

C. While当……时

D. Unless除非

20. A. serve服务

B. limit限制

C. summarize总结

D. alter改变

Section IIReading Comprehension

第二部分 阅读理解

Part A

第一节

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.

Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

说明

阅读以下四段文本。每段文本后附有相应的问题，请选择A、B、C或D作为答案。

在答题卡上标出你的答案。（40分）

Text 1

第一篇文章

In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut — and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles. The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.

为了打造完美的草坪，全国各地的房主们正在走捷径——而为此付出代价的是环境。每年约有800万平方米的塑料草坪被售出，但反对的声音现已传到最高层的园艺圈。切尔西花展已禁止在今年的活动中使用假草，宣称其不符合其精神。在伦敦西部举办年度花展的英国皇家园艺学会表示，由于塑料草坪对环境和生物多样性造成的破坏，该学会已出台禁令。

Ed Horne, of the RHS, said: “We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment.”

英国皇家园艺学会 (RHS) 的埃德·霍恩 (Ed Horne) 表示：“我们去年推出了可持续发展战略，而人造草坪与我们的理念和对塑料的看法不符。我们建议使用真草，因为真草具有环保效益，包括支持野生动物、缓解洪水和降低环境温度。”

The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. A Twitter account, which claims to “cut through the greenwash” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7,276 and 11,282 signatures.

英国皇家园艺学会做出这一决定之际，活动人士正试图提高人们对人造草坪造成的问题的认识。一个声称要“戳穿人造草坪的‘绿色洗白’”的Twitter账号已经拥有超过2万名关注者。该账号正试图鼓励人们签署两份请愿书，一份呼吁禁止销售塑料草坪，另一份呼吁对这类草坪征收“生态破坏”税。他们已经分别收集了7276个和11282个签名。

However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of £500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.

然而，人造草坪的支持者指出，天然草坪也会对环境产生影响，因为它们需要修剪，因此通常会消耗电力或汽油。该行业还指出，真草需要大量的水、除草剂或其他处理剂，而铺设人造草坪的人往往会更多地使用他们的花园。该行业还声称，铺设人造草坪的人平均会在花园里花费500英镑购买树木或灌木，这些植物为昆虫提供了栖息地。

In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has “no plans to ban the use of artificial grass.”

针对去年另一份关于禁止假草坪的请愿书（该请愿书收集了3万个签名），政府回应称“没有计划禁止使用人造草坪”。

It added: “We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters. However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.”

它补充道：“我们更倾向于帮助个人和组织做出正确的选择，而不是对此类事务进行立法。然而，人造草坪的使用必须遵守现有的法律和政策保障措施，以保护生物多样性并确保可持续排水，同时，加强生物多样性责任等措施应有助于鼓励公共当局考虑可持续的替代方案。”

21. The RHS thinks that plastic grass ____

A. is harmful to the environment.

B. is a hot topic in gardening circles.

C. is overpraised in the annual show.

D. is ruining the view of west London.

21. 英国皇家园艺学会（RHS）认为塑料草____

A. 对环境有害。

B.是园艺界的一个热门话题。

C. 在年度表演中受到了过度的赞扬。

D. 正在破坏西伦敦的景观。

22. The petitions mentioned in Paragraph 3 reveal the campaigners’ ____

A. disappointment with the RHS.

B. resistance to fake grass use.

C. anger over the proposed tax.

D. concern about real grass supply.

22. 第3段中提到的请愿书揭示了活动人士的____

A. 对RHS的失望。

B. 对假草使用的抵抗力。

C. 对拟议税收的愤怒。

D. 对实际草源供应的担忧。

23. In Paragraph 4, supporters of fake grass point out ____

A. the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass.

B. the disadvantages of growing real grass.

C. the way to take care of artificial lawns.

D. the challenges of insect habitat protection.

23. 在第4段中，人造草的支持者指出____

A. 降低人造草坪成本的必要性。

B. 种植真草的缺点。

C. 人工草坪的养护方法。

D. 昆虫栖息地保护所面临的挑战。

24. What would the government do with regard to artificial grass?

A. Urge legislation to restrict its use.

B. Take measures to guarantee its quality.

C. Remind its users to obey existing rules.

D. Replace it with sustainable alternatives.

24. 政府在人造草坪方面会采取什么措施？

A. 敦促立法限制其使用。

B. 采取措施保证其质量。

C. 提醒其用户遵守现有规则。

D. 用可持续替代品替换它。

25. It can be learned from the text that fake grass ____

A. is being improved continuously.

B. has seen a market share decline.

C. is becoming increasingly affordable.

D. has been a controversial product.

25. 从文中可以了解到，人造草____

A. 正在持续改进。

B. 市场份额有所下降。

C.正变得越来越便宜。

D. 一直是一个备受争议的产品。

Text 2

第二篇文章

It’s easy to dismiss as absurd the federal government’s ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?

联邦政府为填补国家公园长期资金缺口而提出的想法很容易被斥为荒谬。难道真的有人认为，允许亚马逊把货物送到优胜美地国家公园的帐篷里，或者允许餐车在红杉国家公园的红杉树下排队，是个好主意吗？

But the government is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.

但政府有一点是正确的：美国国家公园正处于危机之中。总体而言，它们的维护费用积压已超过120亿美元。道路、步道、卫生间、游客中心和其他基础设施都已破败不堪。

But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be a cure-all. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and businesses in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.

但将露营地私有化和商业化并非万能之策。露营地仅占整体基础设施积压的一小部分，而公园内的企业平均仅将其收入的约5%上交给国家公园管理局。

Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a break from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.

此外，私有化程度的提高肯定会削弱每年3亿游客来公园的主要原因之一：享受大自然，逃离淹没日常生活的商业喧嚣。

The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how U.S. residents view their national parks, and we found that Americans place a very high value on them — whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.

真正的问题在于，公园长期资金匮乏。我们进行了一项全面调查，旨在了解美国居民如何看待他们的国家公园，结果发现，无论是否实际参观过，美国人都对国家公园给予了极高的评价。这项由同行评审的经济调查通过邮件和互联网对700名美国纳税人进行了调查，调查结果还显示，人们愿意支付大笔资金，以确保公园及其项目能够保持原貌。约81%的受访者表示，他们愿意在未来10年内缴纳额外税款，以避免国家公园受到任何削减。

The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites — including Ellis Island and Gettysburg — and to bring the stories of these places to life.

国家公园不仅为美国居民提供了逃离喧嚣的场所，也是大自然的象征，具有巨大的价值。除此之外，它们还通过广泛的教育项目、通过碳封存对气候产生的积极影响、对我们文化和艺术生活的贡献，当然还有旅游业，产生了价值。这些公园还与全国数千个地方管辖区合作，保护包括埃利斯岛和葛底斯堡在内的历史遗迹，并让这些地方的故事重现生机，从而帮助人们铭记美国的过去。

The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system — an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.

这些公园在资金有限的情况下做到了这一切。国会每年仅向国家公园系统拨款30亿美元，自2001年以来（经通胀调整后的美元计算），这一数额一直保持不变，2009年作为奥巴马经济刺激计划的一部分曾有过一次增加。与此同时，自1980年以来，年游客数量已增长了50%以上，目前每年游客数量达到3.3亿人次。

26. What problem are U.S. national parks faced with?

A. Decline of business profits.

B. Inadequate commercialization.

C. Lack of transportation services.

D. Poorly maintained infrastructure.

26. 美国国家公园面临哪些问题？

A. 商业利润下降。

B. 商业化程度不足。

C. 交通服务匮乏。

D. 基础设施维护不善。

27. Increased privatization of the campgrounds may ____

A. spoil visitor experience.

B. help preserve nature.

C. bring operational pressure.

D. boost visits to parks.

27. 营地私有化程度的提高可能会____

A. 破坏游客体验。

B. 有助于保护自然。

C. 带来运营压力。

D. 增加公园的游客量。

28. According to Paragraph 5, most respondents in the survey would ____

A. go to the national parks on a regular basis.

B. advocate a bigger budget for the national parks.

C. agree to pay extra for the national parks.

D. support the national parks’ recent reforms.

28. 根据第5段，调查中的大多数受访者会____

A. 定期去国家公园。

B. 倡导为国家公园增加预算。

C. 同意为国家公园支付额外费用。

D. 支持国家公园最近的改革。

29. The national parks are valuable in that they ____

A. lead the way in tourism.

B. have historical significance.

C. sponsor research on climate.

D. provide an income for the locals.

29. 国家公园之所以宝贵，是因为它们____

A. 在旅游业中处于领先地位。

B. 具有历史意义。

C. 赞助气候研究。

D. 为当地居民提供收入。

30. It can be concluded from the text that the national park system ____

A. is able to cope with staff shortages.

B. is able to meet visitors’ demands.

C. is in need of a new pricing policy.

D. is in need of funding increase.

30. 根据文本可以得出结论，国家公园系统____

A. 能够应对员工短缺的情况。

B. 能够满足游客的需求。

C. 需要制定新的定价政策。

D. 需要增加资金。

Text 3

第三篇文章

The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer (“an ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain,” for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in. They didn’t remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but “adapting to new communications technology,” Sparrow says.

哥伦比亚大学心理学教授贝齐·斯帕罗（Betsy Sparrow）认为，互联网可能只是改变了我们的记忆内容，而非我们的记忆能力。2011年，斯帕罗领导了一项研究，要求参与者将40条事实性信息记录在电脑中（例如，“鸵鸟的眼睛比它的脑袋大”）。其中一半参与者被告知这些信息将被删除，另一半则被告知这些信息将被保存。你猜怎么着？当稍后对这些信息进行提问时，后者并未尝试回忆，因为他们知道可以在电脑上找到这些信息。在同一项研究中，一组参与者被要求既记住信息，也要记住信息所在的文件夹。他们没有记住信息，但却记得如何找到这些文件夹。换言之，人类的记忆并未衰退，而是在“适应新的通信技术”，斯帕罗说。

In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as “cognitive offloading.” Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society, but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking — something that is not available on the Internet. “I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things,” Sparrow says, adding that we haven’t lost our ability to do it.

互联网正以一种非常实际的方式成为我们记忆的外部硬盘，这一过程被称为“认知卸载”。传统上，这一角色是由数据库、图书馆和其他人扮演的。例如，你父亲可能永远不会记得生日，因为你的母亲会记得。有人担心这会对社会产生破坏性影响，但斯帕罗看到了积极的一面。她认为，也许这一趋势将改变我们的学习方式，从关注个别事实和记忆转向强调更具概念性的思维——这是互联网上无法提供的。“我个人从未认为记忆事物具有那么大的智力价值，”斯帕罗说，并补充道，我们并没有失去记忆的能力。

Still other experts say it’s too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J. Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.

还有一些专家表示，现在要了解互联网对我们大脑的影响还为时过早。心理学家克里斯托弗·查布里斯和丹尼尔·J·西蒙斯写道，例如，没有实验证据表明互联网会干扰我们的专注能力。2008年，加州大学洛杉矶分校塞梅尔神经科学与人类行为研究所对24名参与者进行了一项研究，结果显示，对于精通电脑的老年人来说，上网比阅读更能锻炼大脑。

“There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I’d have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,” observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm. “It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don’t know.”

心理学教授本杰明·斯托姆（Benjamin Storm）评论道：“我们越来越依赖互联网，这可能会带来一些成本，但我认为总体而言，其带来的好处将超过这些成本。似乎很明显，记忆正在发生变化，但这种变化是朝着更好的方向发展吗？目前我们还不得而知。”

31. Sparrow’s study shows that with the Internet, the human brain will ____

A. analyze information in detail.

B. collect information efficiently.

C. switch its focus of memory.

D. extend its memory duration.

31. Sparrow的研究表明，有了互联网，人类的大脑将会____

A. 详细分析信息。

B. 高效收集信息。

C. 转换其记忆焦点。

D. 延长其记忆持续时间。

32. The process of “cognitive offloading” ____

A. helps us identify false information.

B. keeps our memory from failing.

C. enables us to classify trivial facts.

D. lessens our memory burdens.

32. “认知卸载”的过程____

A. 帮助我们识别虚假信息。

B. 防止我们的记忆力衰退。

C. 使我们能够对琐碎的事实进行分类。

D. 减轻我们的记忆负担。

33. Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?

A. It may reform our learning approach.

B. It may impact our society negatively.

C. It may enhance our adaptability to technology.

D. It may interfere with our conceptual thinking.

33. 关于互联网，以下哪一项是Sparrow支持的？

A. 它可能会改革我们的学习方式。

B. 它可能会对我们的社会产生负面影响。

C. 它可能会增强我们对技术的适应性。

D. 它可能会干扰我们的概念性思维。

34. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that how the Internet affects our brains ____

A. requires further academic research.

B. is most studied in older adults.

C. is reflected in our reading speed.

D. depends on our web-surfing habits.

34. 第3段指出互联网如何影响我们的大脑____

A. 需要进一步的学术研究。

B. 在老年人中研究最多。

C.体现在我们的阅读速度上。

D. 取决于我们的上网习惯。

35. Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree that ____

A. our reliance on the Internet will be costly.

B. the Internet is weakening our memory.

C. memory exercise is a must for our brains.

D. our ability to focus declines with age.

35. Sparrow和Storm都不会同意____

A. 我们对互联网的依赖将付出高昂的代价。

B. 互联网正在削弱我们的记忆力。

C. 记忆练习对我们的大脑来说是必不可少的。

D. 我们的专注能力会随年龄增长而下降。

Text 4

第四篇文章

Teenagers are paradoxical. That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown- ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.

青少年是矛盾的。这是父母们通常会用更强烈的语言来表达的一种温和而超脱的说法。但这种矛盾既是科学的，也是个人的。在青春期，那些几乎所有事情都依赖成年人的无助和依赖的孩子，变成了能够照顾自己、互相帮助的独立个体。与此同时，曾经快乐顺从的孩子变成了叛逆的、敢于冒险的青少年。

A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.

莱顿大学的伊芙琳·克罗恩及其同事在《儿童发展》杂志上发表的一项新研究表明，青少年的积极面和消极面是并存的。该研究是新一轮关于青春期思考浪潮的一部分。长期以来，科学家和政策制定者一直认为青少年是一个需要解决的问题。而这项新研究则强调，青春期既是机遇，也是风险。

The researchers studied “prosocial” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.

研究人员对200多名11至28岁的儿童和青少年进行了“亲社会”和叛逆特质的研究。参与者填写了问卷，回答他们做利他且积极的事情（如牺牲自己的利益帮助朋友）和叛逆且消极的事情（如喝醉酒或熬夜）的频率。

Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.

其他研究表明，叛逆行为会在青少年时期增多，然后随着年龄的增长而减少。但有趣的是，这项新研究表明，亲社会行为也遵循同样的模式。与年幼的孩子或成年人相比，青少年更有可能报告自己曾无私地帮助朋友。

Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.

最重要的是，亲社会行为与反叛行为之间存在正相关关系。更反叛的青少年也更有可能帮助他人。青春期的积极面和消极面似乎会同时发展。

Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity.” Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.

这些看似矛盾的发展背后是否存在某种共同因素？有一种观点认为，青少年的行为与研究者所称的“奖励敏感性”有关。决策总是涉及奖励与风险、收益与成本的权衡。“奖励敏感性”衡量的是需要多少奖励才能抵消风险。

Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards — winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.

青少年对社会奖励特别敏感——赢得比赛、给新朋友留下深刻印象、让那个男孩注意到你。奖励敏感性，就像亲社会行为和冒险行为一样，似乎在青春期会上升，然后随着年龄的增长又会下降。不知怎的，当你到了30岁，在派对上发生令人兴奋的新奇事情的几率似乎并不足以抵消从沙发上站起来所付出的努力。

36. According to Paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to ____

A. develop opposite personality traits.

B. see the world in an unreasonable way.

C. have fond memories of their past.

D. show affection for their parents.

36. 根据第一段，成长到青春期的孩子往往会____

A. 培养相反的人格特质。

B. 以不合理的视角看待世界。

C. 对他们的过去有着美好的回忆。

D. 对父母表达爱意。

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that Crone’s study ____

A. explores teenagers’ social responsibilities.

B. examines teenagers’ emotional problems.

C. provides a new insight into adolescence.

D. highlights negative adolescent behavior.

37. 从第二段可以得知，克罗恩的研究____

A. 探讨青少年的社会责任。

B. 探讨青少年的情感问题。

C. 为青春期研究提供了新的见解。

D. 强调青少年的负面行为。

38. What does Crone’s study find about prosocial behavior?

A. It results from the wish to cooperate.

B. It is cultivated through education.

C. It is subject to family influence.

D. It tends to peak in adolescence.

38. 克罗恩（Crone）的研究发现了关于亲社会行为的什么内容？

A. 它源于合作的愿望。

B. 它通过教育来培养。

C. 它受家庭影响。

D. 它往往在青春期达到顶峰。

39. It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers ____

A. overstress their influence on others.

B. care a lot about social recognition.

C. become anxious about their future.

D. endeavor to live a joyful life.

39. 从最后两段可以得知，青少年____

A. 过分强调他们对他人产生的影响。

B. 非常在乎社会认可。

C. 对自己的未来感到焦虑。

D. 努力过上快乐的生活。

40. What is the text mainly about?

A. Why teenagers are self-contradictory.

B. Why teenagers are risk-sensitive.

C. How teenagers develop prosociality.

D. How teenagers become independent.

40. 这段文本主要讲了什么？

A. 青少年为何会言行不一。

B. 青少年为何对风险敏感。

C. 青少年如何培养亲社会性。

D. 青少年如何变得独立。

Part B

第二节

Directions:

Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

说明：

阅读以下文本，将左栏中每个编号的项目与右栏中相应的信息相匹配。右栏中有两个额外选项。在答题卡上标出你的答案。（10分）

Net-zero rules set to send cost of new homes and extensions soaring

净零排放规定将使新建房屋和扩建房屋的成本飙升

New building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.

旨在提高能源效率的新建筑法规将推高新房价格，以及现有房屋扩建和阁楼改造的价格。

The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday in England, are part of government plans to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.

这些规定于周三在英格兰生效，是政府计划到2050年将英国碳排放量降至净零排放的一部分。它们为通风、能效和供暖设定了新标准，并规定新建住宅必须设有电动汽车充电点。

The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs are already driving up bills.

这些举措是多年来建筑法规最重大的变化，行业专家表示，在材料短缺和劳动力成本高企已经推高成本之际，这些举措将不可避免地导致价格上涨。

Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed. “All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more,” he says.

英国建筑承包商联合会首席执行官布莱恩•贝里表示，这些措施将需要安装新材料、测试方法、产品和系统。“在价格已经高得离谱的时候，所有这些都会增加成本。不可避免的是，消费者将不得不支付更多费用，”他表示。

Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected. “The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,” he explains. “There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”

奈史密斯（Naismiths）测量公司的加雷思·贝尔沙姆（Gareth Belsham）表示，那些正在翻新或扩建房屋的人将直接受到影响。“最大的变化与供暖和隔热有关，”他解释道。“对于扩建部分使用的玻璃数量有新规定，而且任何新窗户或门都必须高度隔热。”

Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.

门窗必须符合更高的标准，同时，为了减少太阳带来的多余热量，对玻璃的使用量也设置了新的限制。

Thomas Goodman, of MyJobQuote, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions. “Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss,” he says.

MyJobQuote的托马斯·古德曼表示，这将为扩建带来新的限制。“窗户、门和屋顶采光口的玻璃面积不得超过建筑面积的25%，以防止热量流失，”他说道。

As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline. Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15th June next year.

随着新规于上周三生效，房地产开发商们纷纷赶在截止日期前提交规划方案。在此日期前提交的任何规划方案均被视为依据旧规，只要在明年6月15日前开工，即可继续推进。

Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator.

Build Aviator的马库斯·杰福德表示，那些已经为项目估算过成本但尚未提交相关文件的建筑商，可能需要重新提交新的估算。

Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years. How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. “Whilst admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,” says Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers. “An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs.”

过去两年里，材料价格已经上涨了25%。规则的改变将导致整体价格上升多少，目前尚不清楚。“虽然他们的意图令人钦佩，但在许多人已经感到因房价过高而无法拥有住房的时候，这些规则将增加房屋建设的成本，”全国购房者协会的乔纳森·罗兰德说。“由于新规定，平均扩建可能会增加约3000英镑的额外成本。”

John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. “As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,” he says.

弗里思律师事务所的建筑律师约翰•凯利认为，价格最终会降下来。但不会很快降下来。他表示：“随着市场适应新的要求，以及支持这些要求的技术，这些技术的规模化应用最终将使成本下降，但在短期内，我们所有人都将不得不为必要的转型付出代价。”。

However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy- efficient homes, adds Andrew Mellor, of PRP architects. “Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time.”

然而，PRP建筑事务所的安德鲁·梅勒补充道，这些变化的长期影响将是住宅更加舒适且节能。“房主可能会在一段时间后通过节省能源费用来收回成本。目前情况显然很不稳定，但随着时间的推移，他们将享受到这一好处。”

Section IIITranslation

第三部分 翻译

46. Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

说明：

将以下文本翻译成中文。将你的翻译写在答题纸上。（15分）

In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.

18世纪末，威廉·华兹华斯因其描绘自然的诗歌而声名鹊起。他也是浪漫主义运动的奠基人之一，该运动颂扬自然界的奇观。

Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.

诗歌具有强大的力量。它的能量和节奏能吸引读者，将他们带入另一个世界，让他们以不同的视角看待事物。通过精心选择的词语和短语，诗歌可以变得戏剧化、有趣、美丽、动人且鼓舞人心。

No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really come to life when they are recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.

没有人确切知道诗歌是从何时开始的，但它已经存在了数千年，甚至在人们学会书写之前就已经存在了。诗歌是讲述故事和传承历史的一种方式。它与歌曲密切相关，即使被写下来，通常也是为了大声表演而创作的。诗歌在朗诵时才会真正鲜活起来。这也有助于理解它们，因为词语的节奏和声音会变得更加清晰。

Section IVWriting

第四部分 写作

Part A

第一节

47. Directions:

An art exhibition and a robot show are to be held on Sunday, and your friend David asks you which one he should go to. Write him an email to

1) make a suggestion, and

2) give your reason(s).

Write your answer in about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in your email, use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)

说明：

周日将举办一场艺术展和一场机器人展，你的朋友大卫询问你应该去哪个。给他写一封电子邮件

1）提出建议，并且

2) 给出你的理由。

请在答题纸上用大约100字回答。

在电子邮件中不要使用你自己的名字，而是用“李明”代替。（10分）

参考范文：

Dear David,

It sounds like you have some choices to make on what to do this weekend. Between the art exhibition and the robot show, strongly recommend that you go with the art exhibition, as it is a wonderful way to explore culture and artistic expression.

Not only does art open windows into different cultures and time periods, but it also enables us to express ourselves and experience the world in a different way. You can enjoy the beauty and creativity of art without any prior knowledge or experience. It's an incredible way to explore the cultural differences between different people.

I hope you take my advice and enjoy the art exhibition on Sunday!

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

亲爱的David，

听起来这个周末你有很多选择。在艺术展和机器人展之间，我强烈建议你选择艺术展，因为这是探索文化和艺术表达的一种绝佳方式。

艺术不仅为我们打开了一扇扇通往不同文化和历史时期的窗户，还使我们能够以不同的方式表达自我和体验世界。即使没有任何先前的知识或经验，你也能欣赏到艺术的美感和创造力。这是探索不同人群之间文化差异的绝佳方式。

我希望你能接受我的建议，周日去欣赏艺术展！

此致，

李明

Part B

第二节

48. Directions:

Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should

1) interpret the chart, and

2)give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

说明：

根据下表写一篇文章。在写作时，你应该

1) 解读图表，以及

2) 发表您的评论。

请在答题纸上书写约150字。（15分）

参考范文：

Clearly indicated in the line chart are the investigation results about the health literacy of residents in China from 2011 to 2021. Specifically speaking, during the past decade, the health literacy of residents increased sharply from 8.8% to 25.4%.

What may contribute to this remarkable tendency? I want to elaborate on the following three main reasons. Firstly, the rapid development of our national economy plays a dominant role in driving this tendency. In addition, with the quickening pace of modern life and the remarkable progress of society, most people’s values have changed dramatically, paying more attention to physical and mental health besides financial pursuit, which also helps explain the above tendency. Finally, the intensive publicity about ways of keeping healthy, especially during the epidemic, by businesses, the media, and the government has also greatly improved people’s health literacy.

Given the factors discussed above, I firmly believe the phenomenon will continue for quite a while. And without any doubt, it will do good to both individual life and overall social development. The departments concerned should launch health campaigns to disseminate health knowledge to people.

折线图清晰地展示了2011年至2021年中国居民健康素养的调查结果。具体而言，在过去十年中，居民的健康素养从8.8%急剧上升至25.4%。

是什么促成了这一显著趋势？我想详细阐述以下三个主要原因。首先，我国国民经济的快速发展在推动这一趋势中发挥了主导作用。此外，随着现代生活节奏的加快和社会的显著进步，大多数人的价值观发生了巨大变化，除了追求经济利益外，还更加关注身心健康，这也解释了上述趋势。最后，企业、媒体和政府对保持健康方式的广泛宣传，尤其是在疫情期间，也大大提高了人们的健康素养。

鉴于上述因素，我坚信这一现象将持续相当长一段时间。毫无疑问，它对个人生活和整体社会发展都有益处。相关部门应开展健康宣传活动，向人们普及健康知识。