道阻且长，行则将至，行而不辍，未来可期；愿所有身在旅途者终能归家，愿所有前途迷茫者寻到方向；一应终末，皆为新生；未来再见！
For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence.
【生词】
1. century n.世纪、百年、一百年
2. psychologist n.心理学家
3. analogy n.类比、比拟、比喻、用类比方法
4. capacity n.能力、才能、生产能力；adj.无虚席的、满场的
5. relational adj.相关的、亲属的
6. superficially adv.表面的、浅薄的
7. dissimilar adj.不同的
8. cornerstone n.基石、支柱、基础
【解析】
① For half a century是介词短语作时间状语，表示动作发生的时间长度；表示：长达半个世纪；
② psychologist Keith Holyoak是主语，psychologist是同位语，说明身份，Keith Holyoak是真正的主语中心词，has studied是谓语动词，analogy作宾语，表示研究的对象；as a cornerstone of human intelligence是介词短语作宾语补足语，结构：study A as B把A当作B来研究/认为A是B，of human intelligence是介词短语作后置定语，修饰cornerstone，句子意思是：意思是：心理学家Keith Holyoak一直将类比作为人类智能的基石进行研究；
③ the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things是同位语作插入语，对前面的 analogy进行解释，the capacity是核心名词，to see relational similarities是非谓语动词to do不定式结构作后置定语，表示：看到其关系相似性的能力；between superficially dissimilar things是介词短语作后置定语，修饰similarities，表示：透过表面不同的事物；整体意思是：透过表面不同的事物看到其关系相似性的能力‘
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] For half a century, psychologist Keith Holyoak has studied analogy — the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things — as a cornerstone of human intelligence.
│
├───[状语：介词短语] For half a century (长达半个世纪)
│ ├───[介词] For
│ └───[宾语] half a century (半个世纪)
│ ├───[限定词] half
│ ├───[限定词] a
│ └───[核心名词] century
├───[主语] psychologist Keith Holyoak (心理学家基思·霍利奥克)
│ ├───[同位语] psychologist (心理学家)
│ └───[专有名词] Keith Holyoak
├───[谓语] has studied (一直在研究)
│ ├───[助动词] has
│ └───[过去分词] studied
├───[宾语] analogy (类比)
├───[破折号] — (表示插入解释)
├───[插入语：同位语] the capacity to see relational similarities between superficially dissimilar things (即：透过表面不同的事物看到关系相似性的能力)
│ ├───[核心名词] the capacity (这种能力)
│ │ └───[限定词] the
│ ├───[后置定语：不定式短语] to see relational similarities (看到关系相似性)
│ │ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ │ ├───[谓语] see
│ │ └───[宾语] relational similarities (关系相似性)
│ │ ├───[形容词] relational
│ │ └───[核心名词] similarities
│ └───[状语：介词短语] between superficially dissimilar things (在表面不同的事物之间)
│ ├───[介词] between
│ └───[宾语] superficially dissimilar things
│ ├───[状语] superficially (表面上地)
│ ├───[形容词] dissimilar (不同的)
│ └───[核心名词] things
├───[破折号] — (结束插入)
└───[宾语补足语：介词短语] as a cornerstone of human intelligence (作为人类智能的基石)
├───[介词] as
└───[宾语] a cornerstone of human intelligence
├───[限定词] a
├───[核心名词] cornerstone (基石)
└───[后置定语：介词短语] of human intelligence (人类智能的)
├───[介词] of
└───[宾语] human intelligence
├───[形容词] human
└───[核心名词] intelligence
【句意】半个世纪以来，心理学家Keith Holyoak一直将类比 — 即透过表面不同的事物看到其关系相似性的能力— 作为人类智能的基石进行研究；
The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage.
【生词】
1. proverb n.谚语、格言、典型；vt.用谚语表达
2. instance n.例子、实例；v.举…为例
3. illuminate v.照射、阐明、解释、照明
4. scenario n.设想、场景、剧情梗概
5. corporation n.社团、公司、法人、企业
6. rival n.竞争对手、敌手；v.与…相匹敌、比得上；adj.竞争的、对抗的
7. take advantage 利用、占便宜、充分利用
【解析】
① The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away是句子的主语，The proverb是主语中心词，about two dogs fighting over a bone是介词短语作后置定语，修饰proverb，fighting over a bone是现在分词作后置，修饰two dogs，表示：“两只狗为争一根骨头而争斗，第三只狗趁机溜走”这则谚语；
② for instance作插入语，表示举例，“例如”，不参与主干语法，起衔接作用；
③ illuminates是谓语动词，a business scenario作宾语，where competing corporations weaken each other是where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词scenario，where在从句中作状语，competing corporations是从句的主语，weaken是谓语动词，each other作宾语，定语从句的意思是：相互竞争的公司彼此消耗；
④ allowing a rival to take advantage是现在分词短语作结果状语，逻辑主语是前面整个从句描述的情况，a rival作allowing的宾语，to take advantage是to do不定式作宾语补足语，意思是：结果让竞争对手坐收渔利；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away, for instance, illuminates a business scenario where competing corporations weaken each other, allowing a rival to take advantage.
│
├───[主语] The proverb about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away
│ ├───[限定词] The
│ ├───[核心名词] proverb
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] about two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away
│ ├───[介词] about
│ └───[宾语] two dogs fighting over a bone while a third runs away
│ ├───[名词短语中心词] two dogs
│ │ ├───[数词] two
│ │ └───[核心名词] dogs
│ └───[后置定语：现在分词短语] fighting over a bone while a third runs away
│ ├───[现在分词] fighting
│ ├───[介词短语作状语] over a bone
│ │ ├───[介词] over
│ │ └───[宾语] a bone
│ │ ├───[限定词] a
│ │ └───[核心名词] bone
│ └───[状语从句：时间] while a third runs away
│ ├───[连词] while
│ └───[分句] a third runs away
│ ├───[主语] a third (第三只狗)
│ ├───[谓语] runs
│ └───[状语] away
├───[插入语] for instance (例如)
├───[谓语] illuminates (阐明、揭示)
├───[宾语] a business scenario (一个商业场景)
│ ├───[限定词] a
│ ├───[形容词] business
│ └───[核心名词] scenario
│ └───[定语从句] where competing corporations weaken each other
│ ├───[关系副词] where (在场景中)
│ ├───[主语] competing corporations (相互竞争的公司)
│ │ ├───[形容词] competing
│ │ └───[核心名词] corporations
│ ├───[谓语] weaken (削弱)
│ └───[宾语] each other (彼此)
└───[结果状语：现在分词短语] allowing a rival to take advantage (让竞争对手有机可乘)
├───[现在分词] allowing
├───[宾语] a rival (一个竞争对手)
│ ├───[限定词] a
│ └───[核心名词] rival
└───[宾语补足语：不定式短语] to take advantage (占便宜/利用机会)
├───[不定式标志] to
├───[谓语] take
└───[宾语] advantage
【句意】例如，“两只狗为争一根骨头而争斗，第三只狗趁机溜走”这则谚语，就揭示了这样一种商业场景：相互竞争的公司彼此消耗，结果让竞争对手坐收渔利；
But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent ray solution.
【生词】
1. expose v.暴露、揭露、接触、体验、曝光；n.揭露、曝光
2. general n.将军、上将；adj.总体的、普遍地、一般的、大致的
3. multiple adj.多个的、多种的；n.倍数、多种
4. readily adv.轻而易举地、迅速地、乐意地、欣然地
5. devise v.设计、发明；n.遗赠不动产的条款
6. convergent adj.会聚的、收敛的
【解析】
① But是转折连词，those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily是句子的主语，exposed to a story是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰those，about a general是介词短语作后置定语，修饰a story，attacking a castle是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a general，from multiple sides是介词短语作状语，修饰attacking，表示：那些先听过一个将军从多面进攻城堡的故事的人；readily是副词作状语，修饰谓语动词devised，the convergent ray solution作宾语，句子意思是：但是，那些先听过一个将军从多面进攻城堡的故事的人，很快就设计出了汇聚射线的解决方案；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] But those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides readily devised the convergent ray solution.
│
├───[转折连词] But (但是)
├───[主语] those first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[核心代词] those (那些人)
│ └───[后置定语：过去分词短语] first exposed to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[状语] first (最初、首先)
│ ├───[过去分词] exposed (接触、暴露于)
│ └───[介词短语] to a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[介词] to
│ └───[宾语] a story about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[限定词] a
│ ├───[核心名词] story
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] about a general attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[介词] about
│ └───[宾语] a general attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[限定词] a
│ ├───[核心名词] general
│ └───[后置定语：现在分词短语] attacking a castle from multiple sides
│ ├───[现在分词] attacking
│ ├───[宾语] a castle
│ │ ├───[限定词] a
│ │ └───[核心名词] castle
│ └───[状语：介词短语] from multiple sides
│ ├───[介词] from
│ └───[宾语] multiple sides
│ ├───[形容词] multiple
│ └───[核心名词] sides
├───[状语] readily (轻易地、很快地)
├───[谓语] devised (设计出、构想出)
└───[宾语] the convergent ray solution (汇聚射线解决方案)
├───[限定词] the
├───[形容词] convergent (汇聚的)
├───[名词作定语] ray (射线)
└───[核心名词] solution (解决方案)
【句意】但是，那些先听过一个将军从多面进攻城堡的故事的人，很快就设计出了汇聚射线的解决方案；
While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently, exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking.
【生词】
1. retrieve v.找回、取回、检索；n.找回、检索
2. analogies n.类比、类推法
3. independently adv.独立地、自立地
4. exposure n.暴露、接触、曝光、揭发、报道
5. structurally adv.在结构上
6. superficially adv.表面的、浅薄的
7. breakthrough n.突破、重大进展
【解析】
① While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently是while引导的让步状语从句，we是从句的主语，often是副词作状语，表频率，fail to retrieve是从句谓语，表示：未能想起/未能提取；useful analogies是从句的宾语，independently是副词作状语，修饰retrieve，表示：独立地；意思是：虽然我们常常无法独立地回想出有用的类比；
② exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking是主句，exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations作主语，to structurally similar but superficially different situations是介词短语作后置定语，修饰exposure，structurally similar but superficially different是形容词短语，作定语修饰 situations，表示：接触那些结构相似、表面不同的情境；can spark是谓语动词，breakthrough thinking作宾语，意思是：接触那些结构相似、表面不同的情境，却能激发突破性思维；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently, exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations can spark breakthrough thinking.
│
├───[让步状语从句] While we often fail to retrieve useful analogies independently
│ ├───[从属连词] While (虽然)
│ ├───[主语] we (我们)
│ ├───[状语] often (常常)
│ ├───[谓语] fail (未能)
│ └───[宾语：不定式短语] to retrieve useful analogies independently
│ ├───[不定式标志] to
│ ├───[谓语] retrieve (回想、提取)
│ ├───[宾语] useful analogies (有用的类比)
│ │ ├───[形容词] useful
│ │ └───[核心名词] analogies
│ └───[状语] independently (独立地)
├───[主语] exposure to structurally similar but superficially different situations
│ ├───[核心名词] exposure (接触)
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] to structurally similar but superficially different situations
│ ├───[介词] to
│ └───[宾语] structurally similar but superficially different situations
│ ├───[并列形容词短语] structurally similar but superficially different
│ │ ├───[形容词短语] structurally similar
│ │ │ ├───[状语] structurally (结构上地)
│ │ │ └───[形容词] similar (相似的)
│ │ ├───[并列连词] but (但)
│ │ └───[形容词短语] superficially different
│ │ ├───[状语] superficially (表面上地)
│ │ └───[形容词] different (不同的)
│ └───[核心名词] situations (情境)
├───[谓语] can spark (能够激发)
│ ├───[情态动词] can
│ └───[动词原形] spark
└───[宾语] breakthrough thinking (突破性思维)
├───[形容词] breakthrough (突破性的)
└───[核心名词] thinking (思维)
【句意】虽然我们常常无法独立地回想出有用的类比，但接触那些结构相似、表面不同的情境，却能激发突破性思维；
Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage.
【生词】
1. uniqueness n.独特性、独一无二
2. stem v.起源于、阻止、遏制；n.茎、干、主干
3. evolution n.进化论、演变、发展
4. cooperative adj.合作的、协作的、合作性的；n.合作性组织
5. complex adj.复杂的、难懂的、组合的；n.综合大楼、建筑群、综合体
6. reasoning v.推理、推论、推断力；n.推理、逻辑思考
7. reflect v.反射、反映、显示、表示、深思、反省
8. biological adj.生物的、生物学的、生命的
9. heritage n.遗产、传统、世袭财产
【解析】
① Human uniqueness是句子的主语，stems from是谓语动词短语，the evolution of cooperative systems作宾语，of cooperative systems是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the evolution，表示：合作系统的进化；句子意思是：人类的独特性源于合作系统的演化；
② a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage是同位语，对前面的cooperative systems进行具体解释，把它分成两类系统；a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning是第一个并列，that enables complex relational reasoning是that引导的定语从句，修饰a “Late System”，that在从句中作主语，enables是谓语动词，complex relational reasoning作宾语，定语从句的意思是：它使我们能够进行复杂的关系推理；the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage是第二个并列，that reflect our vast biological heritage是that引导的定语从句，修饰the “Early Systems”， that在从句中作主语，reflect是谓语动词，our vast biological heritage作宾语，定语从句的意思是：它反映了我们庞大的生物遗传基础；
【句子成分结构树状图】
[句子] Human uniqueness stems from the evolution of cooperative systems: a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage.
│
├───[主语] Human uniqueness (人类的独特性)
│ ├───[形容词] Human (人类的)
│ └───[核心名词] uniqueness (独特性)
├───[谓语] stems from (源于)
│ ├───[动词] stems
│ └───[介词] from
├───[宾语] the evolution of cooperative systems (合作系统的演化)
│ ├───[限定词] the
│ ├───[核心名词] evolution (演化)
│ └───[后置定语：介词短语] of cooperative systems
│ ├───[介词] of
│ └───[宾语] cooperative systems (合作系统)
│ ├───[形容词] cooperative (合作的)
│ └───[核心名词] systems (系统)
├───[冒号] : (引出同位语，对 cooperative systems 进行具体说明)
└───[同位语：并列名词短语] a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning and the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage
├───[第一个并列项] a “Late System” that enables complex relational reasoning
│ ├───[核心名词短语] a “Late System” (一个“晚期系统”)
│ │ ├───[限定词] a
│ │ └───[核心名词] “Late System”
│ └───[定语从句] that enables complex relational reasoning
│ ├───[关系代词] that (指代 a “Late System”)
│ ├───[谓语] enables (使能够)
│ └───[宾语] complex relational reasoning (复杂的关系推理)
│ ├───[形容词] complex (复杂的)
│ ├───[形容词] relational (关系的)
│ └───[核心名词] reasoning (推理)
├───[并列连词] and (和)
└───[第二个并列项] the “Early Systems” that reflect our vast biological heritage
├───[核心名词短语] the “Early Systems” (“早期系统”)
│ ├───[限定词] the
│ └───[核心名词] “Early Systems”
└───[定语从句] that reflect our vast biological heritage
├───[关系代词] that (指代 the “Early Systems”)
├───[谓语] reflect (反映)
└───[宾语] our vast biological heritage (我们庞大的生物遗传)
├───[限定词] our
├───[形容词] vast (庞大的)
├───[形容词] biological (生物的)
└───[核心名词] heritage (遗传)
【句意】人类的独特性源于合作系统的演化：一个是“晚期系统”，它使我们能够进行复杂的关系推理；另一个是“早期系统”，它反映了我们庞大的生物遗传基础；
