2. 翻译“四步曲”：找主干，做断句，翻译，核对。翻译是一门艺术。在翻译实践中，我们需要借助理论框架来指导翻译，并依据这一框架判断什么是好的翻译。中西方的翻译理论有很多，对于考研英语来说，我们主要需要了解严复提出的“信、达、雅”。译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。在翻译工作中，首先要做到忠实原文（信），这是最困难的；如果忠实了但是不通顺（达），即使翻译了也等于没有翻译；因此通顺是紧随其后的要求。最后译文还应追求得体优美（雅），以符合原文的风格和体裁。Translation involves three requirements difficult to fulffill: faithfulness, comprehensibility and elegance. Faithfulness is difficult enough to attain but a translation that is faithful but not comprehensible is no translation at all. Comprehensibility is therefore of prime importance.“信 ”（faithfulness, fidelity）, “达”（fluency, comprehensibility), “雅”（elegance， polish）。核心要点：
【通读全文】
翻译之前，我们需要通读文章，把文章读懂，翻译的时候才能做到“信”。
下面以2026年硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）阅读理解 Part C 为例
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
【翻译过程】
(46) Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education.
同学们一看这个句子好长，不知道从哪儿入手。
这时候我们先找句子主干结构，找出主语、谓语、宾语。
主干结构：
We can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time.
找出主干后，我们开始断句：
Tracing the history of the term, /we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, /muddying the waters /when it comes to determining the goals of science education.
明确“the term” 所指“scientific literacy”
翻译：
追溯“科学素养”这一术语的历史，我们看到“科学素养”的定义是如何随着时间变化的，这也使得科学教育目标的界定变得模糊不清。
核对：
是否达到“信、达、雅”。
(47)A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.
找主干
A return to that version of scientific literacy seems like something society today desperately needs.
做断句
A return to that version of scientific literacy,/ which focused more on teaching /what science is/ and how it works /and less on memorizing scientific facts, /seems like something society today desperately needs.回归“科学素养”此前的定义——更关注科学的本质和运作，而不是记忆科学事实——似乎是当今社会迫切需要的。是否达到“信、达、雅”。
【总结】
通读全文后，对划线的句子：
1. 找主干
2. 做断句
3. 翻译
4. 核对
