高考英语一轮复习之定语从句两步做题法 · 关系词秒选
- 2026-10-06 15:38:19
高考英语一轮复习之定语从句
两步做题法 · 关系词秒选
核心方法：前看先行词，后看从句缺什么
使用说明与设计思路
一、资料定位
本资料为高三英语一轮复习语法专题讲义，聚焦定语从句（高考语法填空必考点，近五年全国卷年均考查1—2空，占语法填空动词考点之外的第二大语法板块）。适用于高三一轮复习课堂教学（2课时）、学生自学巩固、教师备课参考。
二、设计理念与考情分析
【传统复习的痛点】传统资料按关系词分类（who/which/where各讲各的），学生背了一堆规则，做题时还是不知道选哪个。根本原因在于：关系词的选择不取决于先行词"是人还是物"，而取决于从句"缺什么成分"。先行词是地点名词不代表一定用where——这是定语从句最高频的失分点。
【本资料的突破】反其道而行之，按"从句缺什么成分"组织内容——缺主宾选代词，缺定语选whose，缺状语选副词。这才是做题时的真实思考顺序，即"两步做题法"：
第一步：前看先行词（人/物/时间/地点/原因）
第二步：后看从句缺什么（主宾/定语/状语）
【学情分析】学生常见三类错误：①不分析从句成分，凭先行词直觉选关系词（地点名词就选where）；②非限制性定语从句误用that；③介词+关系代词结构中介词判断错误。本资料针对这三类错误设计了专项突破和高频易错点汇总。
【教学策略建议】建议第1课时完成"核心方法+模块一至二"，第2课时完成"模块三至四+综合训练"。课堂小练采用"讲完即练、即时核对"模式，答案附在题后括号内，方便师生快速反馈。
三、题型设计
题型 | 题量 | 功能定位 | 使用建议 |
诊断自测 | 5题 | 上课前快速暴露问题，带着问题听课 | 课前5分钟限时完成 |
课堂小练 | 4组×3题=12题 | 讲完考点当堂巩固，即时核对答案 | 每讲完一个模块即练 |
综合单句填空 | 20题 | 考点综合突破，基础+中档+拔高 | 课后作业，限时15分钟 |
高考语篇填空 | 1篇×10空 | 高考真实题型，语篇中判断关系词 | 课堂限时训练8分钟 |
写作迁移 | 3个用法+3道改写 | 定语从句在书面表达中的高级运用 | 选讲，提升作文档次 |
四、考点分布与高考频次
考点模块 | 具体考点 | 高考频率 | 易错指数 | 本资料位置 |
关系代词（缺主宾） | who/whom/that/which/as | ★★★★★ | ★★★ | 模块一 |
关系副词（缺状语） | when/where/why（含抽象地点） | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | 模块三 |
whose（缺定语） | 指人指物表所属 | ★★★★ | ★★★ | 模块二 |
介词+关系代词 | 介词+which/whom | ★★★★ | ★★★★ | 模块四 |
that vs which | 只能用that/不能用that的情况 | ★★★★ | ★★★★ | 模块一 |
注：★★★★★为最高频/最易错。关系副词（尤其是where与which的辨析）是定语从句失分率最高的考点，需重点突破。
五、难度分层
所有题目标注【基础】【中档】【拔高】，比例约4:4:2，符合一轮复习"夯实基础、适度提升"的定位。语篇填空难度对标高考真题。
开篇5分钟诊断自测
先做5道题，看看你定语从句的问题出在哪。做完直接核对下方答案，对照考点定位找到自己的丢分原因。
1. The old town, ______ dates back to the Tang Dynasty, attracts thousands of tourists every year.
2. We will never forget the days ______ we spent together in the countryside last summer.
3. The reason ______ he was late for the meeting is that he missed the early bus.
4. I have many friends, some of ______ are businessmen.
5. We are living in an age ______ many things are done on the Internet.
诊断自测答案与考点定位
题号 | 答案 | 考点 | 错因分析 |
1 | which | 非限制性定语从句，指物作主语 | 有逗号不能用that |
2 | that/which/不填 | 先行词the days在从句中作spent的宾语 | 易错选when（spent缺宾语，不缺状语） |
3 | why/for which | 先行词the reason，从句缺原因状语 | 区分why（缺状语）与that/which（缺宾语） |
4 | whom | 介词of后指人，用whom | 介词后不能用who/that |
5 | when | 先行词an age表时间，从句缺时间状语 | age不是"年龄"，是"时代" |
★易错警示：90%的同学定语从句丢分，不是因为关系词背得不熟，而是第一步就错了——没有先分析"从句到底缺什么成分"。本讲义就围绕这一个核心问题展开。
核心方法：两步做题法
定语从句做题，不要上来就背"人用who物用which"，按以下两步走：
步骤 | 做什么 | 怎么判断 | 口诀对应 |
第一步 前看先行词 | 找到被修饰的名词/代词 | 人？物？时间？地点？原因？ | 主宾看人还是物 |
第二步 后看从句缺什么 | 把从句单独拎出来，看缺什么成分 | 缺主语？缺宾语？缺定语？缺状语？ | 成分缺失选关系 |
关系词速选总表
从句缺什么 | 选什么关系词 | 口诀 |
缺主语 | 人→who/that；物→which/that | 主宾看人还是物，成分缺失选关系 |
缺宾语 | 人→whom/who/that；物→which/that（可省） | 同上 |
缺定语（后接名词，表"……的"） | whose（人、物均可） | whose表所属"……的"，定中作定别忘记 |
缺状语（主谓宾完整） | 时间→when；地点→where；原因→why | where when why作状语，主宾缺位别乱替 |
完整口诀
定语从句有诀窍，限与非限看逗号。 无逗限定可that，有逗非限不能要。 主宾看人还是物，成分缺失选关系。 that可指人或物，逗号后面要剔除。 whose表所属"……的"，定中作定别忘记。 where when why作状语，主宾缺位别乱替。
★易错警示：口诀里最关键的一句是"成分缺失选关系"——关系词的选择不取决于先行词是人是物，而取决于从句缺什么。先行词是地点名词不代表一定用where，关键看从句缺不缺状语。这是定语从句最容易搞混的地方。
模块一从句缺主语/宾语 → 关系代词
当从句缺主语或宾语时，用关系代词。先看先行词是人还是物，再决定用哪一个。★高考频率最高的模块。
一、指人：who / whom / that
关系词 | 在从句中作什么 | 能不能省 | 用在哪 |
who | 主语（也可作宾语） | 不能省 | 指人，限制性和非限制性都能用 |
whom | 宾语 | 限制性中可省 | 指人，介词后面只能用whom |
that | 主语/宾语 | 限制性中宾语可省 | 指人或物，但非限制性不能用 |
例句：The teacher who teaches us English comes from a small town.
译文：教我们英语的老师来自一个小镇。（who作主语）
例句：The girl whom you met at the party yesterday is my cousin.
译文：你昨天在聚会上见到的那个女孩是我表妹。（whom作宾语）
★易错警示：先行词是人不能用which。The girl which you met... → 正确：The girl whom/who/that you met...
【课堂小练】（答案附题后）
1. The volunteers ______ helped the elderly were praised.（who/that，缺主语指人）
2. The professor ______ you talked about just now will give us a lecture.（whom/who/that/不填，缺宾语指人）
3. Charlie Chaplin, ______ was one of the most famous comedians, brought joy to generations.（who，非限制性指人作主语）
二、指物：which / that
关系词 | 在从句中作什么 | 什么时候用 |
which | 主语/宾语 | 非限制性定语从句；介词后面；指代整个主句 |
that | 主语/宾语 | 限制性定语从句；有特殊规则时只能用that |
例句：The book which/that I borrowed from the library yesterday is about the Silk Road.
译文：我昨天从图书馆借的那本书是关于丝绸之路历史的。（限制性，可互换）
例句：The new technology, which was developed by Chinese scientists, has been widely used.
译文：这项新技术由中国科学家开发，已广泛应用于日常生活。（非限制性，不能用that）
★只能用that不能用which的情况（高考高频）
① 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词；
例句：There is nothing that can stop us from achieving our dream.
译文：没有什么能阻止我们实现梦想。
② 先行词被the only, the very, any, few, no, all修饰；
例句：This is the very dictionary that I have been looking for.
译文：这正是我一直在找的那本字典。
③ 先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或被它们修饰；
例句：This is the most touching story that I have ever heard.
译文：这是我听过的最感人的故事。
④ 先行词既有人又有物。
例句：They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
译文：他们谈论了在乡村参观过的老师和学校。
★易错警示：非限制性定语从句（有逗号）绝对不能用that！这是高考最高频考点。逗号后面指物只能用which。
【课堂小练】
1. The film ______ we saw last night was directed by a young director.（which/that/不填，缺宾语指物）
2. The Internet, ______ has changed the way people communicate, plays an important role.（which，非限制性指物作主语）
3. This is the most beautiful scenery ______ I have ever seen.（that，最高级修饰先行词）
三、as引导定语从句
as引导限制性定语从句时，主要用在such...as, the same...as结构中；引导非限制性定语从句时，表示"正如"，位置灵活（句首、句中、句末均可）。
例句：As is reported in the newspaper, the new railway will be completed by next year.
译文：正如报纸所报道的，新铁路将于明年年底前建成。（as指代整个主句）
例句：Such books as you have recommended are well worth reading.
译文：像你推荐的这类书很值得一读。（such...as结构）
★易错警示：as和which都能指代整个主句引导非限制性定语从句：as有"正如"含义，可放句首；which没有"正如"含义，只能放在主句后面。
【课堂小练】
1. ______ is known to all, the Chinese civilization has a history of more than 5,000 years.（As，句首非限制性，"正如"）
2. He is not such a man ______ would leave his work half done.（as，such...as结构）
模块二从句缺定语 → whose
whose在从句中作定语，表示"……的"，后面必须紧跟一个名词。whose可以指人，也可以指物。
【判断方法】把从句单独拎出来，如果空格后面紧跟一个名词，而且意思上需要表达"谁的/什么的"，就用whose。
例句：The girl whose mother is a famous singer wants to follow in her footsteps.
译文：那个妈妈是著名歌手的女孩想追随母亲的脚步。（whose mother = the girl's mother）
★whose = of which / of whom 的转换
指物时，whose可以换成"of which"，语序为"the + 名词 + of which"或"of which the + 名词"。
例句：The house whose window is broken = The house the window of which is broken = The house of which the window is broken.
译文：窗户破了的那栋房子。
★易错警示：两句之间没有连词不能用its：I live in a house, its window faces south. → 正确：I live in a house, whose window faces south.
【课堂小练】
1. The student ______ composition won first prize is from Class 3.（whose，缺定语表所属）
2. China has many rivers, the longest of ______ is the Yangtze River.（which，介词of后指物）
3. The factory ______ we visited last week produces electric vehicles.（which/that/不填，缺宾语指物，注意不是where）
模块三从句缺状语 → 关系副词
★这是定语从句最容易出错的模块（易错指数★★★★★）。核心原则：从句主谓宾完整，不缺主宾，才用关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语，哪怕先行词是时间、地点、原因，也不能用when/where/why。
关系副词 | 先行词 | 在从句中作什么 | 等价结构 |
when | 时间名词（day, year, moment, time等） | 时间状语 | = at/in/on which |
where | 地点名词 + 抽象地点（point, case, situation, stage） | 地点状语 | = at/in/on which |
why | reason | 原因状语 | = for which |
一、when（时间状语）
例句：I still remember the day when I first arrived in Beijing.
译文：我还记得第一次到北京的那天。
★易错警示：I will never forget the days when we spent together. → 错误！spent缺宾语（spent the days），应用that/which/不填。
二、where（地点状语）
例句：This is the village where my grandfather was born and grew up.
译文：这是我爷爷出生并长大的村庄。
★抽象地点名词（高考高频）
point, case, situation, stage, position, condition等表示"地步、情况、阶段"的词，后面从句不缺主宾时，也用where。
例句：We have reached a point where a change is needed, or we will lose the competition.
译文：我们已经到了必须做出改变的地步，否则就会输掉竞争。
★易错警示：This is the factory where we visited last week. → 错误！visited缺宾语，应用that/which。先行词是地点名词不等于一定用where！
三、why（原因状语）
例句：The reason why he was late is that he missed the early bus.
译文：他迟到的原因是错过了早班车。
★易错警示：The reason which he explained to us was that he forgot the time. → 正确！explained缺宾语（explained the reason），用that/which不用why。区分关键：从句缺状语用why，缺宾语用that/which。
【课堂小练】
1. I still remember the small town ______ I spent my childhood.（where，spent有宾语childhood，缺地点状语）
2. The days are gone ______ we lived together in the countryside.（when，分隔式定语从句，先行词the days）
3. The reason ______ he was so successful is that he never gives up.（why，从句缺原因状语）
4. We are now in a situation ______ we must make a quick decision.（where，抽象地点名词situation）
模块四"介词+关系代词"
当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，可以把介词提前，构成"介词+which/whom"结构。介词后指物只能用which，指人只能用whom，不能用that。
【怎么确定介词】看从句动词和先行词的搭配。如：the city in which we live = live in the city；the person to whom I spoke = speak to the person。
例句：The house in which Lu Xun once lived is now a museum.
译文：鲁迅曾经住过的房子现在成了博物馆。
例句：The gentleman about whom you spoke just now is our new manager.
译文：你刚才提到的那位先生是我们的新经理。
★特殊结构：名词/代词/数词 + of which/whom
例句：There are 50 students in our class, most of whom come from the countryside.
译文：我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自农村。
例句：The old man has two sons, both of whom are doctors.
译文：这位老人有两个儿子，都是医生。
★易错警示：介词后面不能用that！也不能用who（指人时必须用whom）。这是高考高频考点。
【课堂小练】
1. The beautiful dress ______ ______ she spent all her money was made of silk.（on which，spend money on sth）
2. The university ______ ______ my sister graduated last year is a top university.（from which，graduate from）
3. The company has developed 10 new products, three of ______ have been put into the market.（which，介词of后指物）
高考高频易错点集中突破
以下是定语从句失分率最高的8个易错点，集中整理，考前必看。
序号 | 易错点 | 错误示例 | 正确用法 | 错因本质 |
1 | 地点名词≠用where | the factory where we visited | the factory that/which we visited | visited缺宾语，不缺状语 |
2 | 时间名词≠用when | the days when we spent | the days that/which we spent | spent缺宾语，不缺状语 |
3 | reason后≠用why | the reason why he explained | the reason that/which he explained | explained缺宾语 |
4 | 非限制性用that | The book, that I bought, is... | The book, which I bought, is... | 有逗号绝对不能用that |
5 | 介词后用that/who | the man to who I spoke | the man to whom I spoke | 介词后指人用whom，指物用which |
6 | whose与its混淆 | a house, its window faces south | a house, whose window faces south | 两句间无连词，需关系词 |
7 | 抽象地点忽视 | a point that we need change | a point where we need change | point/situation表"地步"用where |
8 | as与which混淆 | Which is known to all,... | As is known to all,... | 句首表"正如"用as不用which |
综合训练（20题）
说明：以下各题填入适当的关系词。严格按照两步法做题：①前看先行词 ②后看从句缺什么。难度分层：【基础】【中档】【拔高】。建议用时15分钟。
1. [基础] The traditional Chinese art of paper-cutting, ______ has a history of more than 1,500 years, is popular.
2. [基础] We visited the factory ______ produces the electric cars that are exported to many countries.
3. [中档] The reason ______ many elderly people prefer traditional Chinese medicine is that it has fewer side effects.
4. [基础] This is the village in ______ my father spent his childhood before he came to the city.
5. [中档] The day will come soon ______ the Chinese astronauts land on the moon and conduct scientific experiments.
6. [拔高] The beautiful dress, ______ ______ she spent nearly two months of her salary, was worn at her graduation ceremony.
7. [中档] Mr. Zhang, ______ car broke down on the way to work, arrived at the office nearly an hour late.
8. [中档] There are many ways to improve your English, the most effective of ______ is to practice speaking every day.
9. [基础] Anyone ______ has a fever or cough should go to the hospital immediately.
10. [拔高] We are now in a position ______ we have to make a final decision on whether to accept the offer.
11. [中档] The film, ______ was directed by a young Chinese director, won the best film award.
12. [中档] I will never forget the year ______ I studied abroad as an exchange student, which broadened my horizons.
13. [拔高] Such problems ______ we are facing now are not unusual in the process of reform and opening-up.
14. [中档] The book was written by a famous author, ______ works have been translated into more than thirty languages.
15. [拔高] The students and their teachers, ______ I have been working with for three years, will graduate.
16. [基础] The library, ______ was built in the 1980s, has been renovated and reopened to students.
17. [中档] There are still many countries in the world ______ people do not have enough access to clean drinking water.
18. [中档] The day finally came ______ he received the admission letter from the university that he had been dreaming of.
19. [拔高] The speed ______ the new railway train travels is much higher than that of the old one.
20. [中档] The girl, ______ bag was stolen on the bus yesterday, reported the incident to the police immediately.
综合训练 答案速查
题号 | 答案 | 考点 | 题号 | 答案 | 考点 |
1 | which | 非限指物作主语 | 11 | which | 非限指物作主语 |
2 | which/that | 指物作主语 | 12 | when | 缺时间状语 |
3 | why/for which | 缺原因状语 | 13 | as | such...as结构 |
4 | which | 介词in后指物 | 14 | whose | 缺定语表所属 |
5 | when | 分隔式缺时间状语 | 15 | whom | 介词with后指人 |
6 | on which | spend...on搭配 | 16 | which | 非限指物作主语 |
7 | whose | 缺定语表所属 | 17 | where | 缺地点状语 |
8 | which | 介词of后指物 | 18 | when | 分隔式缺时间状语 |
9 | who/that | 指人作主语 | 19 | at which | travel at the speed搭配 |
10 | where | 抽象地点position | 20 | whose | 缺定语表所属 |
重点难题详解
第3题 [中档]
① 先行词The reason，表原因。② 从句many elderly people prefer...主谓宾完整，不缺主宾，缺原因状语。③ 无逗号→限制性。④ 答案：why/for which。
★辨析：the reason why...（从句缺状语）vs the reason that/which...（从句缺宾语，如explained the reason）。
第5题 [中档]
① 先行词The day，表时间。② 从句the Chinese astronauts land on the moon...主谓宾完整，缺时间状语。③ 注意：先行词和从句被will come soon隔开（分隔式定语从句）。④ 答案：when。
第6题 [拔高]
① 先行词The beautiful dress，指物。② 从句she spent nearly two months of her salary...中spend...on sth是固定搭配，需要介词on。③ 有逗号→非限制性，介词后指物用which。④ 答案：on which。
★介词判断方法：还原从句→she spent her salary on the dress，介词on提前。
第10题 [拔高]
① 先行词a position，抽象地点名词（表"处境、境地"）。② 从句we have to make a final decision...主谓宾完整，缺地点状语。③ 答案：where。
★常见抽象地点名词：point, case, situation, stage, position, condition, case。
第13题 [拔高]
① 先行词Such problems，有such修饰。② such...as是固定结构，as在从句中作facing的宾语。③ 答案：as。
★注意：不要看到problems就用which/that，有such/the same修饰时优先用as。
第19题 [拔高]
① 先行词The speed，指物。② 从句the new railway train travels...中travel at the speed是固定搭配，需要介词at。③ 答案：at which。
高考语篇填空（定语从句专项）
以下短文有10处空白，每处填入一个适当的关系词。这是高考语法填空的真实题型，要求在语篇中运用两步法判断。建议用时8分钟。
The Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the most important traditional festivals in China, 1. ______ falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. It is a time for family reunion, 2. ______ people living far away from home try their best to return. The full moon is the symbol of the festival, around 3. ______ many beautiful stories have been passed down. The most famous story is about Chang'e, 4. ______ husband Hou Yi was a heroic archer. Chang'e drank a magic medicine 5. ______ made her fly to the moon. Today, Chinese people around the world celebrate the festival, 6. ______ has become a symbol of Chinese culture. The food 7. ______ is most closely associated with the festival is mooncakes, 8. ______ round shape represents the full moon. There are also many places in China 9. ______ special celebrations are held. The reason 10. ______ the festival has survived for thousands of years is that it carries the Chinese people's deep love for their families.
语篇填空 答案速查
题号 | 答案 | 考点 | 题号 | 答案 | 考点 |
1 | which | 非限指物作主语 | 6 | which | 非限指物作主语 |
2 | when | 先行词a time缺状语 | 7 | that/which | 指物作主语 |
3 | which | 介词around后指物 | 8 | whose | 缺定语表所属 |
4 | whose | 缺定语表所属 | 9 | where | 缺地点状语 |
5 | that/which | 指物作主语 | 10 | why | 缺原因状语 |
重点详解
第2题：先行词a time（表时间），从句people...try their best to return主谓完整，缺时间状语，用when。注意不要被前面的family reunion干扰。
第3题：介词around提前，先行词the full moon指物，介词后用which。还原：many stories have been passed down around the full moon。
第8题：先行词mooncakes，从句round shape represents...中round shape前需要"什么的"，缺定语，用whose。
定语从句在写作中的高级用法
定语从句不仅是语法填空的考点，更是写作升级的利器。用对了，作文档次直接提升。
一、非限制性定语从句补充说明（替代干巴巴的并列句）
例句：The book was written by a young author. It has become a bestseller.
译文：→ The book, which was written by a young author, has become a bestseller.
二、which指代整个主句（用在结论句，显高级）
例句：He passed the exam. It made his parents very happy.
译文：→ He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.
三、who/that引导（those who...高频句式，用于通知、邀请信）
例句：Anyone who wants to join the club can sign up at the student office.
译文：任何想加入俱乐部的人都可以到学生办公室报名。
附录定语从句速查表
一、关系词选择总表
先行词 | 从句缺什么 | 限制性（无逗号） | 非限制性（有逗号） |
人 | 缺主语 | who / that | who |
人 | 缺宾语 | whom / who / that（可省） | whom / who |
人/物 | 缺定语（……的） | whose | whose |
物 | 缺主语 | which / that | which |
物 | 缺宾语 | which / that（可省） | which |
时间 | 缺时间状语 | when | when |
地点 | 缺地点状语 | where | where |
原因 | 缺原因状语 | why | —（通常不用） |
整个主句 | — | — | which / as |
二、that vs which 速记
只能用that | 不能用that（只能which） |
先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, nothing等不定代词 | 引导非限制性定语从句（有逗号） |
先行词被the only, the very, any, few, no修饰 | 介词后面（介词+which） |
先行词是最高级或序数词，或被其修饰 | which指代整个主句（句末） |
先行词既有人又有物 | as引导非限制性定语从句 |
三、两步做题法口诀（贴桌角版）
前看先行词，人还是物？ 后看从句，缺主缺宾缺状还是缺定语？ 有逗号非限制，that坚决不能上。 介词后面用which/whom，抽象地点where来帮。
