考研英语一历年真题、解析及答案
1999年考研英语一翻译真题
P1
英文原文(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
中文翻译(71) 尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家的数量一样多，但现代史学研究实践最接近这样一种定义：历史是试图重现并解释过去重大事件的学科。每一代历史学家都深陷于自身所处的时代与环境的桎梏之中，需要重新判定过去哪些事件对他们而言具有重要意义。在这一探索过程中，所发现的证据往往残缺不全且分散零碎，还常常带有片面性或党派偏见。史学研究这一行当的讽刺之处在于，从业者们都清楚，自己的努力不过是在为一个永无止境的过程添砖加瓦。
单词短语讲解
- conform to
- 例句：This design conforms to the national safety standards.
- recreate
- 例句：The museum recreates the daily life of ancient people with vivid models.
- Caught in the web of
- 例句：Many people are caught in the web of social media addiction.
- determine anew
- 词根：a-（加强） + new（新的）；determine（决定）
- 例句：With the emergence of new evidence, the police determined anew the direction of the investigation.
- scattered
- 词根：scatter（分散） + -ed（形容词后缀）
- 例句：The scattered villages are hard to reach by public transport.
- partial
- 词根：part（部分） + -ial（形容词后缀）
- 例句：The judge was accused of making a partial decision in the case.
- partisan
- 词根：parti-（党派） + -san（表倾向）
- 例句：The article was criticized for its partisan tone.
- craft
- 释义：n. 手艺；行当；技艺（此处指史学研究行业）
- 例句：Wood carving is a traditional craft with a long history.
- practitioner
- 词根：practic (e)（实践） + -tion + -er（表人）
- 例句：Medical practitioners need to update their knowledge regularly.
- unending
- 词根：un-（否定） + end（结束） + -ing（形容词后缀）
- 例句：The unending work made him feel exhausted.
P2
英文原文(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. (73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
中文翻译(72) 人们对历史研究方法的关注，与其说是源于外界对历史学作为一门智识学科的有效性所提出的质疑，不如说是源于历史学家内部的纷争。历史学曾一度推崇自身与文学、哲学的亲缘关系，但新兴的社会科学似乎为提出新问题、提供更有价值的理解过去的路径创造了更多机会。社会科学的研究方法必须经过调整，才能适配历史学这门以史料为本、而非受当代社会需求所支配的学科。(73) 在这一转变过程中，传统的历史研究方法得到了补充 —— 新增的诸多研究方法，旨在解读历史研究中出现的新型证据。
单词短语讲解
- validity
- 词根：valid（有效的） + -ity（名词后缀）
- 例句：The researcher tested the validity of the new theory through experiments.
- intellectual discipline
- 例句：Philosophy is an ancient intellectual discipline that explores fundamental questions.
- revere
- 例句：People in this country revere their ancestors deeply.
- affinity to
- 例句：There is a clear affinity between this poet's works and classical literature.
- emerging
- 词根：emerge（出现） + -ing（形容词后缀）
- 例句：The emerging technology of artificial intelligence is changing many industries.
- afford
- 例句：The new policy affords young entrepreneurs more financial support.
- rewarding approaches
- 例句：Collaborative learning is a rewarding approach to improving students' communication skills.
- methodology
- 词根：method（方法） + -ology（表学科 / 体系）
- 例句：Different research methodologies may lead to different conclusions.
- primacy
- 词根：prim（首要的） + -acy（名词后缀）
- 例句：The company puts the primacy of customer satisfaction above all else.
- imperative
- 词根：imper（命令） + -ative（名词后缀）
- 例句：Protecting the environment is an imperative for all countries.
- contemporary
- 词根：con-（共同） + tempor（时间） + -ary（形容词后缀）
- 例句：This novel reflects the life of contemporary young people.
- augment
- 例句：The company plans to augment its workforce by hiring more engineers.
- interpret
- 词根：inter-（在…… 之间） + pret（解释）
- 例句：Scholars have different ways to interpret this ancient text.
P3
英文原文Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
中文翻译在史学界，“方法论” 一词本质上始终模糊不清。(74) 对于方法论究竟是指适用于整体历史研究的特有概念，还是指适用于历史研究各分支领域的具体研究技巧，人们尚未达成共识。历史学家们 —— 尤其是那些因过度专注于自身研究兴趣而被指责为采用 “隧道式研究法” 的人 —— 常常沦为 “技术主义谬误” 的受害者。这种谬误在自然科学领域也同样常见，它错误地将整个学科与该学科技术实施过程中的某些环节画上等号。
单词短语讲解
- inherently
- 词根：inherent（内在的） + -ly（副词后缀）
- 例句：Human language is inherently a tool for communication.
- ambiguous
- 词根：ambi-（两边） + gu（引导） + -ous（形容词后缀）
- 例句：The wording of the contract is ambiguous, leading to misunderstandings.
- peculiar to
- 例句：This custom is peculiar to the people of this region.
- appropriate to
- 词根：ap-（加强） + propri（自己的） + -ate（形容词后缀）
- 例句：We need to choose a punishment appropriate to the seriousness of the crime.
- branch of historical inquiry
- 例句：Cultural history and economic history are important branches of historical inquiry.
- blinded by
- 例句：Some investors are blinded by short-term profits and ignore long-term risks.
- tunnel method
- 释义：隧道式研究法（指过度聚焦某一细分领域，忽视整体关联的研究方式）
- 例句：The tunnel method makes his research lack a comprehensive perspective.
- fall victim to
- 例句：Many small businesses fell victim to the economic crisis.
- technicist fallacy
- 释义：技术主义谬误（指将学科技术等同于学科本身的错误认知）
- 例句：The technicist fallacy often leads researchers to overlook the theoretical basis of their work.
- implementation
- 词根：implement（实施） + -ation（名词后缀）
- 例句：The successful implementation of the plan depends on teamwork.
P4
英文原文(75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
中文翻译(75) 这种谬误同样适用于两类历史学家：一类是传统历史学家，他们将历史研究仅仅视为对史料的内外考证；另一类是社会科学派历史学家，他们将自身的研究活动等同于具体的研究技术。
单词短语讲解
- apply equally to
- 例句：This rule applies equally to all employees, regardless of their position.
- external and internal criticism of sources
- 释义：史料的内外考证（外部考证验证史料真伪与年代，内部考证分析史料内容可信度）
- 例句：Traditional historical research relies heavily on external and internal criticism of sources.
- equate...with...
- 例句：We should not equate wealth with happiness.
- specific techniques
- 例句：The course teaches specific techniques for data collection and analysis.
