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Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 2
Printed on treadmills and exercise bikes in gyms around the world is a simple method for estimating the maximum rate at which your heart should safely beat, in beats per minute: 220 minus your age. This neat formula is endorsed by august bodies like the American Heart Association and the British Heart Foundation. By this calculation a 50-year-old should expect their upper limit to be 170 beats per minute. But studies have shown that people of the same age can have wildly varying maximum heart rates. No simple formula will cut it.
Knowing your maximum heart rate can be useful when planning exercise. Workouts in lower “zones”, defined as up to 70% of maximum heart rate, improve aerobic capacity. More intense exercise trains anaerobic fitness.
Unlike resting heart rate, which can be lowered with training, there is little one can do to change the maximum. As exercise gets more intense, heart rate rises to deliver more oxygenated blood to working muscles. But there is an upper limit. Once the interval between beats becomes so brief the heart’s ventricles cannot fully refill before the next contraction, less blood is pumped with each pulse. Cells in the heart’s natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, determine the ceiling. They can only fire electrical impulses so fast, limiting the number of beats per minute.
Most people do not know their true maximum. Assessments to determine it in athletes push them to their limit and are typically only done under medical supervision. Everyone else uses a formula based on their age. Studies have shown that ageing reduces the level of electrical activity in the heart’s pacemaker, which lowers the maximum heart rate that can be achieved.
The “220 minus age” formula was the first attempt to put a figure on how age affects maximum heart rate and traces back to a paper from 1971. By modern standards, though, the evidence for the formula is flimsy, explains Robert Robergs, a professor of exercise physiology and biochemistry at Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in the Czech Republic. The original study combined data from several sources without stringent criteria about the subjects or exercise protocols, and the formula was fitted by eye, rather than a proper statistical model. That did not stop it becoming exercise-science orthodoxy.
Newer research studies in recent decades, based on more rigorous statistical analysis, tend to find that the age-related decrease in maximum heart rate is slower than the original formula implied. One commonly cited alternative, the Tanaka equation, first published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in 2001, estimates maximum heart rate as 208 minus 0.7 times age (173 for a 50-year-old).
These newer measures still fail to capture the huge amount of individual variability. One study, published in PLOS ONE in October 2025, compared seven different formulas with measured values in 230 people. It found that individual predictions were often off by as much as 20 beats per minute in either direction. That size of error could mean that what counts as moderate exercise for one 50-year-old may equate to vigorous exercise for another.
What should amateur athletes do? Consistency is key, says Professor Robergs. Pick one method and stick with it. That way you will know if your chosen training method is working, and can adjust if it is not.
26. The author mentions the "220 minus age" formula in the first paragraph to _______.
[A] prove its universal applicability in modern gym environments
[B] challenge its reliability despite its widespread endorsement
[C] show how august bodies accurately calculate aerobic capacity
[D] explain the physiological mechanism of heart contractions
27. According to Paragraph 3, what ultimately determines a person's maximum heart rate?
[A] The volume of oxygenated blood delivered to the working muscles.
[B] The individual's ability to lower their resting heart rate through training.
[C] The firing speed of electrical impulses in the sinoatrial node.
[D] The time required for the heart's ventricles to empty completely.
28. Professor Robert Robergs criticizes the 1971 paper because its formula was _______.
[A] based exclusively on professional athletes rather than average individuals
[B] derived without the use of rigorous statistical modeling
[C] rejected by the exercise-science orthodoxy at the time of publication
[D] overly complicated for ordinary gym-goers to calculate
29. A major problem with the newer Tanaka equation is that it _______.
[A] still overlooks the significant differences among individuals of the same age
[B] estimates a much faster age-related decrease in heart rate than the actual rate
[C] requires strict medical supervision to be calculated accurately
[D] blurs the distinction between aerobic and anaerobic fitness zones
30. What is Professor Robergs' advice for amateur athletes regarding heart rate formulas?
[A] Abandon age-based formulas and seek professional medical assessments.
[B] Use the Tanaka equation because it is statistically more rigorous.
[C] Maintain consistency with a single formula to monitor training progress.
[D] Adjust their maximum heart rate goals daily according to individual variability.
附注：根据历年考研英语真题阅读题源外刊等，摘选最新文章，模拟仿真出题。
参考答案见以下。
Quick look: BCBAC
26. 【答案】B
【解析】题型：修辞目的题
定位： 第一段。
分析： 作者在第一段介绍了印在跑步机上的“220减去年龄”公式，指出它得到了权威机构（august bodies）的认可。但紧接着用 "But" 转折，指出同龄人的最大心率差异巨大，“没有哪个简单的公式能解决问题”（No simple formula will cut it）。这显然是为了在指出其广泛背书的同时，挑战其可靠性（challenge its reliability）。
干扰项：[A] 作者的目的是反驳其适用性，而不是证明。 [C] 该公式算的是最大心率，不是有氧能力（aerobic capacity）。 [D] 生理机制是在第三段解释的。
27. 【答案】C
【解析】题型：细节题
定位： 第三段最后两句 "Cells in the heart’s natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, determine the ceiling. They can only fire electrical impulses so fast, limiting the number of beats per minute."
分析： 文中明确指出，心脏天然起搏器（窦房结，sinoatrial node）中的细胞决定了上限（ceiling）。它们发射电脉冲（fire electrical impulses）的速度是有限的，从而限制了每分钟的心跳次数。这与选项 C 完全一致。
干扰项：[A] 输送含氧血液是心率上升的目的，不是决定最大心率的根本原因。 [B] 原文说最大心率几乎无法通过训练改变（unlike resting heart rate）。 [D] 原文说是心室“重新充满”（refill）的时间不足，而不是“完全排空”（empty completely）的时间。
28. 【答案】B
【解析】题型：因果细节题
定位： 第五段第三句 "The original study combined data... without stringent criteria... and the formula was fitted by eye, rather than a proper statistical model."
分析： Robergs 教授批评 1971 年论文的原因是，其数据来源没有严格的标准，且公式是“凭肉眼拟合的”（fitted by eye），而不是使用了“适当的统计模型”（rather than a proper statistical model）。选项 B “在没有使用严谨统计模型的情况下得出”准确概括了这一点。
干扰项：[A] 并没有说只基于专业运动员。 [C] 恰恰相反，文中说这并没有阻止它成为运动科学的“正统观念”（orthodoxy）。 [D] 这是一个极其简单的公式（220-年龄），并不复杂。
29. 【答案】A
【解析】题型：细节题
定位： 第七段第一句 "These newer measures still fail to capture the huge amount of individual variability."
分析： 第六段介绍了 Tanaka 公式（较新的测量方法之一），第七段紧接着指出“这些较新的测量方法仍然未能捕捉到巨大的个体差异（individual variability）”。选项 A “仍然忽视了同龄人之间存在的显著个体差异”是对这一句的完美同义替换。
干扰项：[B] 第六段指出，新公式发现心率随年龄下降的速度比原公式“更慢”（slower），而不是“更快”（faster）。 [C] 医学监督是第四段提到的测试专业运动员“真实最大心率”的方法，公式不需要监督。 [D] 文中未提及新公式模糊了有氧和无氧的界限。
30. 【答案】C
【解析】题型：建议/主旨题
定位： 最后一段 "Consistency is key... Pick one method and stick with it. That way you will know if your chosen training method is working..."
分析： Robergs 教授给业余运动员的建议是“一致性是关键”（Consistency is key）。选择一种方法并坚持下去（stick with it），这样你就能知道训练方法是否奏效。选项 C “坚持使用单一公式以监测训练进度”准确传达了这一建议。
干扰项：[A] 教授并未建议业余爱好者去寻求医疗评估（那是运动员做的）。 [B] 教授没有推荐特定的公式（Pick one method），只强调要坚持。 [D] 教授建议坚持一种方法，而不是每天根据个体差异去调整目标。
【词汇注释】
iteration: noun (VERSION) a new version of a piece of computer software, a product, etc. 迭代；版本（文中指生物技术公司正在研发的第一代无籽黑莓产品）
august: adjective (RESPECTED) impressive, making you feel respect 威严的；令人敬畏的；权威的（文中指美国心脏协会等权威机构）
cut it: idiom (SUCCEED) to be of a high enough standard to be successful 达到标准；解决问题（文中 "No simple formula will cut it" 意为没有简单的公式能解决这个问题）
ventricle: noun (BODY) either of the two lower spaces in the heart that pump blood to the lungs or around the body 心室（文中指心脏收缩前需要重新充满血液的腔室）
sinoatrial node: noun (BODY) a small mass of tissue in the right atrium of the heart that acts as the pacemaker 窦房结（文中指心脏的天然起搏器）
flimsy: adjective (WEAK) (of an argument, an excuse, etc.) difficult to believe; not strong 脆弱的；站不住脚的（文中指支持该公式的科学证据在现代标准看来非常薄弱）
orthodoxy: noun (BELIEF) an idea or view that is generally accepted 正统观念；普遍接受的理论（文中指该公式即使有缺陷，仍成了运动科学界的金科玉律）
【参考译文】
在世界各地健身房的跑步机和健身车上，都印着一个估算你的心脏能够安全跳动的最大心率（以每分钟心跳次数计算）的简单方法：220减去你的年龄。这个简洁的公式得到了美国心脏协会和英国心脏基金会等权威机构的认可。根据这个计算，一个 50 岁的人应该预期他们的上限是每分钟 170 次心跳。但研究表明，同龄人的最大心率可能存在着天壤之别。没有哪个简单的公式能解决这个问题。
在制定锻炼计划时，了解自己的最大心率会很有用。在较低“区间”（定义为最大心率的 70% 以内）进行的锻炼可以提高有氧能力。更剧烈的运动则训练无氧体能。
静息心率可以通过训练降低，但与此不同的是，人们几乎无法改变最大心率。随着运动变得更加剧烈，心率会上升，以便将更多含氧血液输送到工作肌肉中。但这存在一个上限。一旦心跳之间的间隔变得非常短暂，以至于心脏的心室在下一次收缩前无法完全重新充满血液，那么每次脉搏泵出的血液就会减少。心脏天然起搏器——窦房结中的细胞决定了这个上限。它们发射电脉冲的速度是有限的，从而限制了每分钟的心跳次数。
大多数人并不知道他们真实的最大心率。对运动员进行测定最大心率的评估会把他们推向极限，这通常只能在医疗监督下进行。其他人则使用基于年龄的公式。研究表明，衰老会降低心脏起搏器的电活动水平，从而降低可达到的最大心率。
“220减去年龄”的公式是首次尝试用具体数字来说明年龄如何影响最大心率，它可追溯到 1971 年的一篇论文。捷克共和国扬·埃万杰利斯塔·普尔基涅大学的运动生理学和生物化学教授罗伯特·罗伯格斯（Robert Robergs）解释说，以现代标准来看，支持该公式的证据是站不住脚的。最初的研究结合了来自几个不同来源的数据，对受试者或运动方案没有严格的标准，而且公式是凭肉眼拟合的，而不是采用了适当的统计模型。但这并没有阻止它成为运动科学的正统观念。
近几十年来，基于更严谨统计分析的新研究往往发现，最大心率随年龄下降的速度比原公式所暗示的要慢。2001 年首次发表在《美国心脏病学会杂志》上的田中公式（Tanaka equation）是一个常被引用的替代方案，它将最大心率估算为 208 减去 0.7 乘以年龄（50 岁的人为 173）。
这些较新的测量方法仍然未能捕捉到巨大的个体差异。2025 年 10 月发表在《PLOS ONE》上的一项研究，将七种不同的公式与 230 人的实测值进行了比较。结果发现，个体的预测值经常在正负 20 拍/分钟的范围内出现偏差。这么大的误差可能意味着，对一个 50 岁的人来说算作中等强度的运动，对另一个同龄人来说可能就等于剧烈运动了。
业余运动员该怎么办呢？罗伯格斯教授说，一致性是关键。选择一种方法并坚持下去。这样你就能知道你选择的训练方法是否奏效，如果不奏效，你就可以进行调整。
附注：
本篇 Flesch–Kincaid 可读性指标（估算英文文章纯语言阅读难度，数值越大代表难度越大，十分制）评分为7.0。参考：2026年英语（一）真题四篇评分分别为 6.5、7.0、7.9、7.6，英语（二）为5.2、6.2、6.8、5.8 。在话题熟悉度，逻辑复杂度、段落结构线索丰富度方面综合指标（数值越大代表难度越大，十分制）评分为6.6。参考：2026年英语（一）真题四篇评分分别为5.8、6.5、8.2、8.0，英语（二）为4.5、6.0、6.5、5.2 。原文阅读链接为：https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2026/03/06/what-is-your-maximum-heart-rate ©图源水印/网络
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