16 非谓语动词

考试要求

非谓语动词是高考的考查重点，主要包括：不定式、分词（现在分词和过去分词）、动名词。它们可以在句中充当主语、宾语、状语等。其中不定式、现在分词及动名词形式多样，结构复杂，内涵丰富，功能较多，最能体现英语独特的形式特征。命题者常透过非谓语动词的一些最基本的用法，巧妙地将考查要点进行情景化、复杂化处理，加大了考生对题干的理解难度。预测在未来的高考试题中，题目设置的角度也会呈现出多样化趋势，尤以非谓语动词间的相互干扰为重点。

命题分析

近五年高考中，非谓语动词的考查频率稳定，题目设置注重语境化、综合化，尤其强调非谓语动词之间的相互干扰和辨析。

能区分谓语动词与非谓语动词；

掌握非谓语动词的 逻辑主语关系与动作时间关系；

熟练运用非谓语动词作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语，及独立主格、固定搭配等特殊用法；

规避主动表被动、非谓语与谓语混淆等高频易错点。

非谓语动词概述

一、定义

不充当句中谓语的动词叫作非谓语动词。它们不受主语限制，无时态与语态变化，又称非限定动词。

二、形式

1.动词不定式(to do sth.)

2.动名词(v.-ing)

现在分词(v.-ing)

3.分词

过去分词(-ed或不规则变化)

三大类非谓语动词的核心形式与功能

考点一：不定式的用法

1.不定式的结构

动词不定式:to+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式:not+to do,

We plan to go to the cinema this afternoon.

I want the house to be repaired.

He pretend to be doing his homework.

I regretted to have told a lie

The little girl seems to have been watching TV all this evening

2.不定式的句法功能:

(1)作主语: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard 

往往用it作形式主语，而把真正主语---动词不定式置于句末。常用句式:

①It is(not)+adj.+(for/of sb.)to do sth..

To do the work is not easy for him.

=It is not easy for him to do the work.做这项工作对他而言并非易事。

②It+be+名词+to do.~如; It is not a good habit to stay up too late. 

③ It takes sb+some time + to do.如：It takes him two hours to study 

(2).作表语

往往置于连系动词be,seem等之后。 My dream is to work as an astronaut.我的梦想是当一名宇航员。

(3) 作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有: want, hope,wish, offer, fail. plan, lcarn. pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer.如: You promised to do something good with it.

如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后置，放在宾语补足语后面。如:

Marx found it important to study the situation int Russia.马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。

动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。如: I have no choice but to stay here.

动词不定式前有时可与疑问调连用。如:

He gave us some advice on how to lean English.

4.不定式作定语：三种情况

(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将要发生或有待完成的动作。

注意：不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。

◆Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldn't find any paper to write on.

(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only,the right, the very等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。

◆He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.　

他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。

(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。

◆And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.

增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。

5.不定式作状语

(1)作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了，想要”。

E.g.To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.

(2)作结果状语：常用于：so...as to...；such...as to；enough to...；too...to；only to等结构中。

E.g.He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。

(“only＋to do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。)

(3)作原因状语：与形容词连用时，大多表示原因。这些形容词主要有情感类：happy，kind，surprised，frightened，angry，shocked，glad，delighted，disappointed等。如：

E.g.Im very glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我非常高兴。 

(4)作条件状语：To pass the exam, you must study hard.要通过考试，你必须努力学习。

(5)作方式状语(as if/though):She raised her hand as if to take off her hat.

6.不定式作宾语、主语补足语

表示一个完整的动作过程将要发生、经常发生或已发生。诸如get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, want, expect, like, permit, encourage, request, advise, order, persuade, cause, warn等动词后都可用不定式作宾语补足语。

如果是动词是使役动词和感官动词，在主动语态中，let, make 以及感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补。have 后既可接不带to的不定式（have sb. do sth.），也可接现在分词（have sb. doing）或过去分词（have sth. done），含义不同。共10个，口诀：一感二听三让四看

一感: feel    

二听：hear，listen 

三让：let，have，make    

四看：observe, see, watch, notice

【跟踪训练】

1.We plan ________ (hold) a charity sale to raise money for the poor children in rural areas.

【答案】to hold

【解析】考查不定式作宾语。plan 后接不定式作宾语，逻辑主语we与hold是主动关系，故填to hold。句意：我们计划举办一场慈善义卖，为农村贫困儿童筹款。

2.It is necessary for students ________ (master) basic grammar rules before the spring exam.

【答案】to master

【解析】考查不定式作主语（it 作形式主语）。固定句型It is + adj + for sb to do，adj（necessary）修饰事，故填 to master。句意：学生在春考前掌握基础语法规则是必要的。

3. The government has taken measures ________ (reduce) air pollution in Jiangsu province.

【答案】to reduce 

【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。采取措施的目的是减少污染，表目的to do。

4.She is said ________ (work) as a volunteer in the community since last month.

【答案】to have been working

【解析】考查不定式的完成进行式。since last month表动作从过去持续到现在，逻辑主语 she 与 work 是主动关系。

5.The problem ________ (solve) in the meeting tomorrow is about students’ mental health.

【答案】to be solved

【解析】考查不定式作定语（被动）。tomorrow 表将来，problem 与 solve 是被动关系。

考点二：动名词的用法

动名词

1.动名词的结构一般式：doing否定式：not+ doing被动式：being +done

完成式：havingdone被动式：having been done

Eg:Seeing is believing.

I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. 

He came to the party without being invited. 

We remembered having seen the film.

He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.

2、动名词的句法功能: 

(1)作主语：Drinking hot water is good for health.

动名词做主语常用作it形式主语 It is no use arguing with him.

(2)作宾语：常接动名词作宾语的动词口诀：

建议 suggest /advise 考虑 consider 保持 keep 练 practise

允许 permit/allow 想象 imagine 否 deny 冒险 risk

阻止 prevent 错过 miss 完 finish 避开 avoid/escape

介意 mind 抵制 resist 承 admit 喜欢 enjoy

I often practise listening and speaking. 我经常练习听和说。

Do you mind passing me that dictionary?你介意递给我那本词典吗?

后接动词-ing 作宾语的动词短语

此类短语有很多,如:feel like(想).can't help(忍不住).give up(放弃).put off( 推迟),insist on(坚持)等

When he doesn't feel like talking,we just let him be.他不想说话时,我们就任其自便吧

She couldn't help crying when she heard the news. 听到那则消息她忍不住哭起来。

(3)作定语：Is there a swimming pool in our school.

【跟踪训练】在空白处填1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1.He apologized for ________ (be) late for the meeting because of the heavy traffic.

【答案】being

【解析】考查动名词作宾语。apologize for后接动名词（for 是介词），逻辑主语he与be late是主动关系，故填 being。句意：他因交通拥堵开会迟到而道歉。

2.My mother doesn’t mind ________ (help) me with my homework after work.

【答案】helping

【解析】考查动名词作宾语。mind 后接动名词（mind doing），逻辑主语mother与 help是主动关系，故填 helping。句意：妈妈不介意下班后帮我辅导作业。

3.The little boy was afraid of ________ (laugh at) by his classmates.

【答案】being laughed at

【解析】考查动名词的被动式。be afraid of后接动名词，boy与laugh at 是被动关系，故填being laughed at。

4.He regretted ________ (not study) hard when he was in high school.

【答案】not having studied

【解析】考查动名词的完成式。regret 后接动名词表后悔做过某事，study发生在regret之前，故用having studied，否定式在前面加not。

5.The teacher paid attention to ________ (improve) students’ listening skills.

【答案】improving

【解析】考查动名词作宾语。pay attention to后接动名词（to 是介词），故填improving。

考点三：分词的用法

分词

现在分词

①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行）

②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）

③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）

④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成） 

He sat there，reading a newspaper.他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。

The area being studied may be rich in coal.这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.完成作业后，我开始看电视。

Having been told many times，she still can t remember it.已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。

过去分词：done

①及物动词的过去分词表示被动 + 完成，如polluted river（被污染的河流）；

②不及物动词的过去分词仅表示动作完成（无被动语态），如fallen leaves（落叶）；risen sun（升起的太阳）。注意：being done是现在分词被动式，表正在被……，非过去分词形式。

注意：非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说的：和谓语动作同时发生表示进行；发生在谓语动作之后表示将来；发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。

1.分词作定语

(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：doing、“being＋done”、done。

当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；

当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋done”；

当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用done。

(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：doing和done。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。

◆falling leaves　正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)     

◆fallen leaves　落叶(表完成)

2.现在分词做表语：doing说明主语的特征，done表示主语的状态。

◆The film is exciting.

◆He is excited at the news.

3.分词作宾补

(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。

◆Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？

(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。

使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：

have sth. done ＝ get sth. done让别人做某事（宾语与动作被动，如have my hair cut）；

have/leave/make sb./sth. doing让…… 一直做某事（宾语与动作主动，表持续，如keep the fire burning）；

get sb./sth. doing：使…… 开始做某事（宾语与动作主动，表启动，如get the machine running）；

have sb. do sth. ＝ get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事（宾语与动作主动，have后省略to，get后需加to，如have him help me/get him to help me　

4.分词作状语

分词作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

【跟踪训练】在空白处填1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1.The students ________ (attend) the lecture about environmental protection are from Grade 3.

【答案】attending

【解析】考查现在分词作定语。students与attend是主动关系（学生参加讲座），表主动进行，故填attending。句意：参加环保讲座的学生来自高三。

2.________ (finish) his homework, he went to watch TV.

【答案】Having finished

【解析】考查现在分词的完成式。finish发生在went之前（完成作业后看电视），逻辑主语he与finish是主动关系，故填 Having finished，句首首字母大写。

3.The teacher found the window ________ (break) when she came into the classroom.【答案】broken

【解析】考查过去分词作宾补。window与break 是被动关系（窗户被打破），表完成，故填 broken。句意：老师进教室时发现窗户破了。

4.________ (ask) to answer the question, he felt a little nervous.

【答案】Being asked

【解析】考查现在分词的被动式。ask与he是被动关系（被要求回答问题），且动作与felt同时发生，故填 Being asked。

5.She sat on the sofa, ________ (read) a newspaper.

【答案】reading

【解析】考查现在分词作伴随状语。she与read是主动关系（她读报纸），表伴随动作，故填reading。

6.The ________ (fall) leaves in autumn are beautiful. / The ________ (fall) tree was cut down.【答案】fallen; falling

【解析】fallen表完成（已经落下的叶子），falling表进行（正在倒下的树），故分别填fallen和falling。

考点四：非谓语动词的易错点

易错点1：主动形式表示被动意义

①need/want/require/deserve + doing/to be done

The room needs cleaning /to be cleaned.

②adj（easy/difficult/hard）+ to do

This question is easy to answer.

③be to blame/let/rent

Who is to blame for the mistake?

The house is to let.

【跟踪训练】

1.The machine requires ________ (check) carefully before it is used.

【答案】checking /to be checked

【解析】考查主动表被动。require后接doing或to be done。

2.The book is interesting and easy ________ (read).

【答案】to read

【解析】考查adj+to do的主动表被动。easy后接to do，read的逻辑宾语是 book。

3.The old building deserves ________ (protect) because of its historical value.

【答案】protecting /to be protected

【解析】deserve 后接doing或to be done，故填protecting或to be protected。

4.The task is difficult ________ (finish) in such a short time.

【答案】to finish

【解析】difficult后接to do，主动表被动，故填to finish。

5.The driver is ________ (blame) for the traffic accident.

【答案】to blame

【解析】be to blame主动表被动，故填to blame。

易错点2：独立主格结构（名词 / 代词+非谓语）

独立主格的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，需单独给出，常见形式：

① 名词+现在分词（主动）

Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic.

② 名词+过去分词（被动）

The work finished, he went home.

③ with +名词+非谓语

With the window open, the wind came in.

【跟踪训练】

1.________ (time permit), we will visit the Nanjing Museum tomorrow.

【答案】Time permitting

【解析】考查独立主格。time（逻辑主语）与 permit 是主动关系，故填Time permitting。

2.With his homework ________ (do), he can go out to play.

【答案】done

【解析】考查 with 复合结构。homework与do是被动关系，表完成，故填done。

3.________ (the meeting over), everyone left the hall.

【答案】The meeting over

【解析】独立主格，meeting与over是系表关系，故填The meeting over。

4.With the baby ________ (sleep), the mother can have a rest.

【答案】sleeping

【解析】with复合结构，baby与sleep是主动进行关系，故填sleeping。

5.The rain ________ (stop), we continued our journey.

【答案】having stopped

【解析】独立主格，rain与stop是主动关系，且动作发生在continued之前，故填having stopped。

一、单句语法填空

在空白处填1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

1. It is possible _________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.

2.Minimize the impact of ________(visit) the place.

3.Strange, isn't it? But that's how nature is -always leaving us ________ (astonish).

4.They represent the earth __________ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 

5.They are easy _________ (care) for and make great presents. 

6.The next morning he hired a boat and set out _______ (find) the well-known painter. 

7.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds ________________ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 

8.Modern methods of tracking polar bearpopulations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___________(perform) consistently over a large area.

9.Scientists have responded by ________ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements.

10.A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for ______ (be) Britain's oldest full-time employee —still working 40 hours a week.

1.to walk 考查非谓语动词。因It is possible to do sth为固定搭配，意为“做某事是可能的”。

2.visiting考查非谓语动词。在介词of后用动名词，故填visiting。

3.astonished 考查非谓语动词。根据句意此句考察leave sb+adj 使某人怎样，需要需填过去分词astonished作宾语补足语。

4.coming考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知, 句中已有谓语动词represent, 及物动词的过去the earth 是 represent 的宾语，coming back to life 是现在分词短语作宾语补足语，表示宾语正在进行的动作或状态，其逻辑主语the earth与come在逻辑上存在主谓关系，故用动词ing形式表主动关系。

5.to care考查非谓语动词。此处为“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构, 用动词不定式结构表被动。

6.to find考查非谓语动词。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.，后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。

7.surrounding考查非谓语动词。作动词saw的宾语补足语，因clouds和surround在逻辑上存在主谓关系，故用surrounding。且前文的rising也有提示。

8.to perform考查非谓语动词。因句中已有谓语are expensive(系动词加表语构成谓语), 动词perform应为非谓语动词; 在形容词后作状语，只能用动词不定式，故填to perform。

9.noting考查非谓语动词。在介词后用动名词，故填noting。

10.being考查非谓语动词。介词for后应接动名词作宾语，故填being。

二、语法填空

Passage 1

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案填写在答题卡上。

Old Town of Lijiang took shape in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, it developed 1 a very big town.

Old Town of Lijiang is 2,416 meters above sea level, covers a total area of 3.8 square kilometers, and has a population of more than 25,000 residents. 2 (surround) by mountains all around, it is neither cold in winter nor hot in summer.

The town is also famous for its water system. Yuquan Water, 3 (run) from the northwest of Old Town through the whole town in three branches, meets with many small waterways along the way.

The town is built with the method of natural building. Inside the town 4 (be) many spring holes. The streets are 5 (proper) planned. The main streets are close to the river, and the small roads are close to small waterways. Clear spring water goes across the streets and passes by houses.

There are 365 stone or wooden bridges in different shapes in the old town, 6 makes the city a place with the highest density (密度) of bridges in China.

All the streets are covered with stones. As 7 result, there is neither mud in rainy seasons nor dust in dry winter. The streets 8 (line) with tea houses, art galleries, and craft stores with many beautiful exhibits. Countless 9 (tourist) from home and abroad wander in the Old Town to get relaxed.

Recently, the Old Town of Lijiang has become an international tourist 10 (attract) with three World Heritage sites.

Passage 2

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Three documentary heritage collections submitted (提交) by China 1 (list) in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register up to now.

Among the 74 newly added 2 (entry), China contributed two single submissions — the Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng and the Steles(石碑) of Shaolin Temple — as well as a joint submission with Sri Lanka: the Trilingual Inscription(铭文).

The Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, which 3 (discover) in 1978 from the Tombs of Marquis Yi in Suizhou, Hubei Province, is a remarkable set of ancient bells. These uniquely-designed and time-honored bells not only offer insights into early Chinese musical traditions but also contain inscriptions that are considered as 4 earliest surviving archaeological records illustrating mathematical relationships in music.

The Steles of Shaolin Temple contains 499 surviving steles of the symbolic temple, presenting a 5 (relative) complete historical document in the form of stone inscriptions.

The third entry 6 (carve) by Zheng He on Feb. 15,1409 features texts 7 Chinese, Persian, and Tamil. UNESCO describes it as the only known trilingual text 8 (combine) these three languages.

“Documentary heritage is an essential yet weak element of the Memory of the World. This is 9 UNESCO spends so much funds in safeguarding it, shares best practices, 10 maintains this register that records the broad threads of human history,” said UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay.

Passage 3

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

What was life like in ancient China? If you’ve ever thought about this question, a studio called Shenlouzhi may give you some insights.

“Ancient life is like an illusion (幻想) for us,1appears to be amazing but is2 (complete) out of reach, so we’ll never really know what things were really like back in those days. That’s how we came up with this name,” Wu Yicheng, 3 (found) of the studio, said.

4(introduce) traditions and cultures from all over China, the studio usually creates short stories set in different dynasties and regions and turns them into videos. Amazingly, all stories are told in the dialect (方言) of their geographical origin,5 (impress) audiences nationwide.

One story is told in the Suzhou dialect. It tells the tale 6a Ming Dynasty cook who had the chance to listen to some Kunqu Opera after she had prepared a meal for a hungry opera performer. Gardens, food, and tradition... The video7 (include) a large number of Suzhounese elements, reflecting the city’s exquisite (精致的) lifestyle in ancient China. Another one of its8 (highlight) is the use of artificial intelligence.

“The experience made me reevaluate9relationship between dialects and 10 (advance) technologies,” Wu said.

Passage 4

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

During this year’s May Day holiday, Qingdao became a top tourist destination. Inbound (入境) tourism bookings increased by 91%,1 (make) it one of the top 10 most popular cities for inbound tourism in China.

Attractions like the Tsingtao Beer Museum, Xinhao Mountain Park and Laoshan Mountain Scenic Area were full of visitors. This led 2 a 30% increase in local accommodation bookings (住宿预订) 3 a 25% rise in hotel reservations.

4(drive) by colorful themed shopping events, the city’s consumer goods market did well during the holiday. 5 (company) under observation achieved a total sales revenue (收入) of 412 million yuan, an 11% year-on-year increase.

Just before the holiday, Qingdao held 6 20th Huabiao Film Awards ceremony, improving 7 (it) status in the film industry. Following the “film + cultural tourism” trend, the city used the awards’ success to create new spending hotspots. For example, the Taipingshan cableway in A Little Red Flower8 (receive) nearly 8,000 visitors on May 2,2025.

As a film industry center, Qingdao is developing the “film + cultural tourism” model to improve tourism and consumption. By using China’s visa-free policy, it aims 9 (become) an international coastal tourism consumption center and a top 10 (globe) leisure (休闲) destination.

Passage5

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A Chinese folk art exhibition titled “Chinese Intangible Heritage, Shared by the World”, 1 (launch) last Saturday in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH).

2exhibition was jointly organized by Northwest Normal University and the University of Sarajevo. It presented nearly 60 pieces of traditional Chinese art, including paintings 3 paper cuttings created by Chinese farmer-artists, as well as faculty (全体教师) and students from Northwest Normal University. The event is held in 4 (celebrate) of the upcoming United Nations Chinese Language Day, 5 (run) until next month.

XueZhong, director of the Confucius Institute at the University of Sarajevo, gave relevant details recently. 6 is learned that the exhibition coincides (同时发生) with the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and BiH, and the 10th anniversary of the Confucius Institute 7 (found) by the two universities together. XueZhong also expressed hope that cultural exchanges would 8 (far) strengthen the bonds between the two peoples.

GuoRong, a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts at Northwest Normal University, emphasized that artistic exchange serves 9 a bridge between cultures.

In addition to the exhibition, academic lectures and hands-on workshops on Chinese folk art will be held at 10 (vary) local institutions.

Passage 1

【答案】1．into2．Surrounded3．running4．are5．properly6．which7．a8．are lined9．tourists10．attraction

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了丽江古城，主要包括其历史渊源、地理特征、水系布局、建筑特色及旅游价值。

1．考查介词。句意：明初时，它已发展成为一个大型城镇。根据空后的“a very big town”可知，动词短语develop into“发展成为”符合题意，表示“发展为一个大型城镇”。故填into。

2．考查非谓语动词。句意：古城四周群山环绕，冬无严寒，夏无酷暑。句子主干成分完整，空处为非谓语，surround“环绕，围绕”和指代Old Town of Lijiang的it逻辑上是被动关系，因此用surround的过去分词形式，作状语，且句首单词的首字母应大写。故填Surrounded。

3．考查非谓语动词。句意：玉泉水从古城西北流出，分三支贯穿全城，沿途汇入众多小型水道。句子已有谓语，空处是非谓语，作Yuquan Water的后置定语，run“流淌”和Yuquan Water逻辑上是主动关系，因此用run的现在分词形式。故填running。

4．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：城内分布着许多泉眼。句子用了倒装，空处作谓语，根据前后句可知，此处在描述一般性的事实，时态也应用一般现在时，主语many spring holes是复数，be动词应用are。故填are。

5．考查副词。句意：街道布局合理。空处修饰动词planned，结合后一句内容可知，副词properly符合题意，意为“合理地”。故填properly。

6．考查定语从句。句意：城内共有365座形态各异的石桥或木桥，使得它成为中国桥密度最高的古城。空处引导非限制性定语从句，对前面的句子进行补充说明，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词which作引导词。故填which。

7．考查冠词。句意：因此，这里雨季无泥泞，旱冬无飞尘。as a result是固定搭配，意为“因此”。故填a。

8．考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：街道两侧茶坊、画廊、工艺品店林立，展品精美。空处作句子的谓语，根据前后句可知，此处在描述一般性的事实，时态也应用一般现在时，line“沿……形成列/行”和主语The streets之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是复数，be动词应用are。故填are lined。

9．考查名词的数。句意：无数国内外游客徜徉古城，尽享闲适。空处作主语，Countless“无数的”后名词tourist“游客”应用复数形式。故填tourists。

10．考查名词。句意：如今，丽江古城已成为拥有三项世界遗产的国际旅游胜地。空处作表语，被international修饰，名词attraction符合题意，意为“有吸引力的事物”，构成固定表达tourist attraction，意为“旅游景点”，且空前有不定冠词an，attraction应用单数形式。故填attraction。

Passage 2

【答案】1．have been listed2．entries3．was discovered4．the5．relatively6．carved7．in8．combining9．why10．and

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国三项文献遗产入选世界记忆名录的情况。

1．考查动词时态和语态。句意：截至目前，中国提交的三项文献遗产已被列入联合国教科文组织《世界记忆名录》。空处为句子的谓语动词。根据时间状语up to now可知，空处需用现在完成时；主语collections与动词list之间是被动关系，所以空处需用现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been done，主语是复数，所以空处助动词需用have。故填have been listed。

2．考查名词复数。句意：在新增的74个条目中，中国提交了两个单独的项目——曾侯乙编钟和少林寺石碑——以及与斯里兰卡的联合提交项目：三语铭文。entry为可数名词“条目”， 74后接可数名词复数形式。故填entries。

3．考查动词时态和语态。句意：曾侯乙编钟是1978年在湖北省随州市曾侯乙墓中出土的一套非凡的古代编钟。空处为定语从句的谓语动词。根据时间状语in 1978可知，空处需用一般过去时；从句主语which指代先行词The Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng，与动词discover之间是被动关系，所以空处需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/were done，主语是单数，所以空处be动词需用was。故填was discovered。

4．考查冠词。句意：这些设计独特、历史悠久的编钟不仅为了解中国早期音乐传统提供了洞见，还包含了被认为是最早的现存考古记录，展示了音乐中的数学关系。形容词最高级earliest前必须加定冠词the，表示“最早的现存考古记录”。故填the。

5．考查副词。句意：少林寺石碑包含了这座象征性寺庙现存的499块石碑，以石刻的形式呈现了一份相对完整的历史文献。 此处修饰形容词complete，需用副词relatively“相对地”作状语。故填relatively。

6．考查非谓语动词。句意：第三个条目是郑和于1409年2月15日刻制的，包含中文、波斯文和泰米尔文的文本。本句已有谓语动词features，所以空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰名词entry，动词carve与名词entry之间是逻辑被动关系，所以空处需用过去分词作后置定语。故填carved。

7．考查介词。 句意：同上。 in+语言，表示使用某种语言，固定搭配。故填in。

8．考查非谓语动词。 句意：联合国教科文组织将其描述为已知的唯一结合这三种语言的三语文本。本句已有谓语动词describes，所以空处需用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰名词text，动词combine与名词text之间是逻辑主动关系，所以空处需用现在分词作后置定语。故填combining。

9．考查表语从句。 句意：这就是为什么联合国教科文组织花费大量资金保护它，分享最佳实践，并维护这一记录人类历史广泛脉络的登记册。空处引导表语从句，从句结构完整，结合句意可知，空处需用连接副词why引导表语从句（从句表示结果）。故填why。

10．考查连词。 句意：同上。 根据空前“spends so much funds in safeguarding it, shares best practices”和空后 “maintains this register”可知，空处需用连词and连接三个并列的谓语。故填and。

Passage 3

【答案】1．which2．completely3．founder4．To introduce5．impressing6．of7．includes8．highlights9．the10．advanced

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了蜃楼志工作室通过创作不同朝代地区的短篇故事并制成视频，用当地方言讲述，融入地域元素和人工智能，以展现中国古代生活与传统文化。

1．考查定语从句。句意：古代的生活对于我们而言就像一场幻觉，它看似令人惊叹，但实际上却遥不可及，因此我们永远都无法真正了解那些年代的真实情况。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Ancient life，在从句作主语，指物，故填which。

2．考查副词。句意：古代的生活对于我们而言就像一场幻觉，它看似令人惊叹，但实际上却遥不可及，因此我们永远都无法真正了解那些年代的真实情况。修饰后文介词短语用副词completely。故填completely。

3．考查名词。句意：这就是我们取这个名字的原因。”工作室创始人吴一成（音译）说道。此处作同位语，表示“创始人”用名词founder，指“吴一成”，应用单数形式。故填founder。

4．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了介绍中国各地的传统和文化，该工作室通常会创作一些以不同朝代和地区为背景的短篇故事，并将其制作成视频。此处introduce作目的状语，用不定式，首字母大写。故填To introduce。

5．考查非谓语动词。句意：令人惊讶的是，所有故事都以各自发源地的方言进行讲述，这给全国的观众留下了深刻的印象。句中已有谓语动词are told，空处应用非谓语动词，此处impress与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填impressing。

6．考查介词。句意：它讲述了一个明朝厨师的故事，这位厨师在为一位饥饿的戏曲演员准备了一顿饭之后，有幸聆听了昆曲的演唱。此处tale与cook为所属关系，用介词of，the tale of“……的故事”。故填of。

7．考查时态。句意：这段视频包含了大量有关苏州的元素，展现了中国古代苏州这座城市精致的生活方式。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为video，谓语用三单形式。故填includes。

8．考查名词的数。句意：其另一大亮点在于对人工智能的运用。此处为one of+可数名词复数。故填highlights。

9．考查冠词。句意：吴说：“这次经历让我重新审视了方言与先进技术之间的关系。”此处特指方言与先进技术之间的关系，用定冠词the。故填the。

10．考查形容词。句意：吴说：“这次经历让我重新审视了方言与先进技术之间的关系。”修饰名词technologies用形容词advanced。故填advanced。

Passage 4

【答案】1．making2．to3．and4．Driven5．Companies6．the7．its8．received9．to become10．global

【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。本文介绍了青岛在今年五一假期期间成为热门旅游目的地的相关情况，包括旅游数据、活动和文化产业的发展。

1．考查非谓语动词。句意：入境旅游预订量增长了91%，使青岛成为中国入境旅游十大热门城市之一。空处需要现在分词作结果状语，表示“预订量增长”导致的自然结果。故填making。

2．考查固定短语。句意：这导致当地住宿预订量增长30%，酒店预订量增长25%。此处需用固定短语lead to，to为介词，意为“导致”。故填to。

3．考查连词。句意：这导致当地住宿预订量增长30%，酒店预订量增长25%。 根据空前“a 30% increase in local accommodation bookings”和空后“a 25% rise in hotel reservations”可知，此处需用连词and连接两个并列的名词短语，表示“住宿预订和酒店预订均增长”。故填and。

4．考查非谓语动词。句意：在丰富多彩的主题购物活动的推动下，假期期间城市消费品市场表现良好。 空处需要非谓语动词作状语。该动词和其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。故填Driven。

5．考查名词复数。句意：被观察的公司实现总销售收入4.12亿元，同比增长11%。company为名词“公司”，此处需用名词复数表示泛指，在句中作主语。故填Companies。

6．考查定冠词。句意：假期前，青岛举办了第20届华表电影奖颁奖典礼，提升了其在电影行业的地位。 此处需用定冠词the修饰序数词“20th”，表示特指。故填the。

7．考查代词。句意：假期前，青岛举办了第20届华表电影奖颁奖典礼，提升了其在电影行业的地位。 根据空后名词status可知，此处需用形容词性物主代词its修饰名词，表示“青岛的地位”。故填its。

8．考查动词时态。句意：例如，2025年5月2日，《送你一朵小红花》中的太平山缆车接待了近8000名游客。空处为句子的谓语动词。根据时间状语“on May 2, 2025”可知，句子为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作。故填received。

9．考查非谓语动词。句意：通过利用中国的免签政策，青岛旨在成为国际滨海旅游消费中心和全球顶级休闲目的地。 aim to do sth.“旨在做某事”，动词不定式作宾语。故填to become。

10．考查形容词。句意：通过利用中国的免签政策，青岛旨在成为国际滨海旅游消费中心和全球顶级休闲目的地。 根据空后名词“leisure destination”可知，此处需用形容词global“全球的”，修饰名词作定语，表示“全球性的休闲目的地”。故填global。

Passage 5

【答案】1．was launched2．The3．and4．celebration5．running6．It7．founded8．further9．as10．various/varied

【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了中国民间艺术展在波黑开幕及相关活动。

1．考查时态和语态。句意：上周六，一场名为“中国非物质文化遗产，世界共享”的中国民间艺术展览在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那（波黑）首都萨拉热窝开幕。根据“last Saturday”可知，句子描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，且主语“A Chinese folk art exhibition”和动词“launch”之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语是单数，be动词用was。故填was launched。

2．考查冠词。句意：该展览由西北师范大学和萨拉热窝大学联合举办。此处特指上文提到的中国民间艺术展览，应用定冠词the，句首单词首字母大写。故填The。

3．考查连词。句意：它展示了近60件中国传统艺术作品，包括中国农民艺术家以及西北师范大学师生创作的绘画和剪纸。根据“paintings”和“paper cuttings”可知，此处指绘画和剪纸，应用连词and连接。故填and。

4．考查名词。句意：此次活动是为了庆祝即将到来的联合国中文日，活动将持续到下个月。空处应用名词celebration，构成固定短语in celebration of，表示“为了庆祝”。故填celebration。

5．考查非谓语动词。句意：此次活动是为了庆祝即将到来的联合国中文日，活动将持续到下个月。空处是非谓语动词作状语，动词run和逻辑主语“The event”之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填running。

6．考查形式主语。句意：据悉，此次展览恰逢中国与波黑建交30周年，也是两校共建孔子学院成立10周年。此处是固定句型“It is learned that...”，表示“据悉，据了解”，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。故填It。

7．考查非谓语动词。句意：据悉，此次展览恰逢中国与波黑建交30周年，也是两校共建孔子学院成立10周年。空处是非谓语动词作定语，动词found和逻辑主语“the Confucius Institute”之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填founded。

8．考查副词的比较级。句意：薛忠还表示，希望文化交流能进一步加强两国人民之间的联系。根据空后的动词strengthen可知，空处应用副词修饰动词，此处表示 “进一步加强”，需用far的比较级further。故填further。

9．考查介词。句意：西北师范大学美术学院教授郭荣强调，艺术交流是文化之间的桥梁。此处是固定短语serve as，表示“充当，担任”。故填as。

10．考查形容词。句意：除了展览外，当地多家机构还将举办中国民间艺术学术讲座和实操工作坊。空处应用形容词various或varied修饰名词，表示“各种各样的”。故填various/varied。