4.5 考研英语外刊阅读模拟试题【难度8.0】

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Section II Reading Comprehension 

Part A 

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 

Text 3

Wine is a cornerstone of French identity. The country’s motley crus are prized by connoisseurs and exports of the stuff are a big contributor to the economy. Now, according to a study published on March 24th in Nature Communications, pride in winemaking can extend beyond the wine cellar and into the archaeological trench. DNA found in ancient grape pips has revealed that French winemakers have been cultivating and disseminating grapevines for over 2,500 years.

Winemaking did not originate in France. The earliest evidence of intentional wine fermentation dates to 6,000BC, in the form of residue from a pot found in Georgia. While written historical sources help to explain how the practice spread, they provide an incomplete and often biased picture. By combining archaeology with cutting-edge genetic analyses, Ludovic Orlando, a geneticist at the University of Toulouse, and his colleagues are starting to develop a more full-bodied history.

To reconstruct the history of French wine, Dr Orlando and his colleagues sequenced the complete genomes of 46 ancient grape pips recovered from archaeological sites across the country (as well as two from Ibiza, a historical trading post). In their analysis they also included the DNA from six previously sequenced French pips. The samples spanned roughly 4,000 years of history—from the Bronze Age through the Roman period and into the late Medieval period—giving the team unprecedented insight into the agricultural practices of France’s early vintners.

The researchers found that their earliest Bronze Age samples (dating from 2,300-2,000BC) are the ancestors of wild grapevines commonly found in France today. The earliest pips to have a DNA make-up characteristic of domesticated grapevines, however, do not appear until the Iron Age, around 625-500BC, at a site in Saint-Maximin near Aix-en-Provence. This genetic marker sets a latest possible date for the advent of French viticulture, potentially supporting earlier proposals the practice was introduced by the Greek settlers who founded the nearby city of Marseille in 600BC.

An Iron Age wine list would have boasted a range of domesticated grapevines, as well as mixtures with wild varieties. In pips found at coastal sites from this period, the researchers detected a rich blend of foreign influences, with genetic ancestries linked to the Levant, south-west Asia, the Balkans and Iberia. In the Roman-era pips (dated 50BC-500AD), this genetic diversity exploded. The study showed that viticultural practices pushed further inland and to the north during this time and new eastern influences appeared, such as lineages from the Caucasus, which persisted into the Medieval period.

These early winemakers had surprisingly refined techniques, the work of Dr Orlando and his colleagues reveals. Vegetative propagation—reproduction through the replanting or grafting of cuttings—yields genetically identical clones and is central to modern viticulture. The researchers discovered a variety of genetic twins from distinct archaeological sites and were surprised to find vegetative propagation being used as far back as the Iron Age. Cuttings would have been transported over hundreds of kilometres, with some clonal lineages preserved over a millennium. Once early winemakers cultivated a superior vine, says Dr Orlando, it might have been used as an early form of currency. Through careful cloning and vast exchange networks, the finest grape varieties survived and spread.

One particularly persistent pip was familiar. Dr Orlando and his colleagues found a sample from Valenciennes, dated to 1,400-1,500AD, to be an exact genetic replica of Pinot Noir, a red grape variety that is widely cultivated today. In the intervening centuries France has traded monarchs for emperors and emperors for republics. But when it comes to important matters, as the French might say, plus ça change.

附注：根据历年考研英语真题阅读题源外刊等，摘选最新文章，模拟仿真出题。

参考答案见以下。

Quick look: CBDBA

31.【正确答案】C【解析】题型：事实细节题定位： 第一段最后一句“DNA found in ancient grape pips has revealed that French winemakers have been cultivating and disseminating grapevines for over 2,500 years.”（在古代葡萄籽中发现的DNA表明，法国酿酒师种植和传播葡萄藤已有超过2500年的历史。）分析： 原文明确指出法国酿酒师种植葡萄藤的历史超过了2500年（over 2,500 years）。选项C中的“over two millennia（超过两千年）”是对“over 2,500 years”的合理概括和同义替换。干扰项：[A] 法国是全球酿酒的发源地，与第二段首句“Winemaking did not originate in France.”（酿酒并非起源于法国）事实相反；[B] 关于酿酒的书面历史记录高度可靠，第二段指出书面记录“提供了一幅不完整且往往带有偏见的画面（provide an incomplete and often biased picture）”，与B项相反；[D] 法国酿酒师完全依赖野生葡萄藤，与后文大量论述的“驯化葡萄藤（domesticated grapevines）”相悖。

32.【正确答案】B【解析】题型：事实细节/推理判断题定位： 第四段最后一句“This genetic marker sets a latest possible date for the advent of French viticulture, potentially supporting earlier proposals the practice was introduced by the Greek settlers who founded the nearby city of Marseille in 600BC.”（这一遗传标记为法国葡萄栽培的出现设定了最晚的可能日期，潜在地支持了早期的提议，即这种做法是由公元前600年建立附近马赛城的希腊定居者引入的。）分析： 原文指出，铁器时代的葡萄籽DNA特征支持了此前的猜测，即法国的葡萄驯化/栽培（viticulture）可能是由“希腊定居者（Greek settlers）”引入的。选项B“可能是由希腊移民发起的”是对原文的准确同义转述。干扰项：[A] 可以可靠地追溯到青铜时代早期，第四段明确表示青铜时代的样本是“野生葡萄藤的祖先”，直到铁器时代（Iron Age）才出现驯化葡萄藤的特征；[C] 根除了该国的野生葡萄藤，原文第五段指出铁器时代的酒单中包含“驯化葡萄藤与野生品种的混合（mixtures with wild varieties）”，野生品种并未被根除；[D] 在多个沿海城市同时发生，无中生有。

33.【正确答案】D【解析】题型：事实细节题定位： 第五段第三、四句“In the Roman-era pips... this genetic diversity exploded. The study showed that viticultural practices pushed further inland and to the north during this time...”（在罗马时代的葡萄籽中……这种遗传多样性爆炸式增长。研究表明，在这一时期，葡萄栽培实践进一步向内陆和北部推进……）分析： 原文明确提到，在罗马时代，葡萄的遗传多样性激增，并且葡萄栽培的实践向内陆和北部推进（pushed further inland and to the north）。选项D“法国葡萄栽培经历了地理扩张”完美概括了这一动态过程。干扰项：[A] 葡萄藤的遗传多样性急剧下降，与原文的“多样性爆炸式增长（genetic diversity exploded）”截然相反；[B] 法国酿酒业严格局限于沿海地区，与向内陆推进（further inland）矛盾；[C] 东方葡萄品种完全取代了当地品种，原文只说“出现了新的东方影响（new eastern influences appeared）”，并未说“完全取代（completely replaced）”。

34.【正确答案】B【解析】题型：事实细节题定位： 第六段第三、四句“The researchers discovered a variety of genetic twins... Cuttings would have been transported over hundreds of kilometres, with some clonal lineages preserved over a millennium.”（研究人员发现了各种基因双胞胎……插条会被运输数百公里，一些克隆谱系被保存了一千多年。）分析： 原文详细介绍了营养繁殖（Vegetative propagation，即扦插或嫁接）的作用。通过这种技术，插条被长途运输，并且“一些克隆谱系被保存了一千多年（clonal lineages preserved over a millennium）”。选项B“它使得克隆谱系得以保存一千多年”直接对应原文。干扰项：[A] 它是一项专门用于生产货币的技术，原文是说培育出优质葡萄藤后，它可能被用作一种“早期货币形式（early form of currency）”，而非这项技术本身就是为了印钞票；[C] 它阻止了插条的长途运输，与原文“插条会被运输数百公里”事实相反；[D] 它导致了基因多样的野生葡萄藤的出现，原文明确指出该技术产生的是“基因相同的克隆体（genetically identical clones）”，而非基因多样化。

35.【正确答案】A【解析】题型：例证推断题/作者态度题定位： 第七段（最后一段）。“...found a sample from Valenciennes... to be an exact genetic replica of Pinot Noir, a red grape variety that is widely cultivated today... But when it comes to important matters, as the French might say, plus ça change.”（发现一个样本是黑皮诺的精确基因复制品，黑皮诺是今天广泛种植的红葡萄品种……但在重要问题上，正如法国人可能会说的那样，万变不离其宗。）分析： 作者在最后一段举了黑皮诺（Pinot Noir）的例子，指出几百年前的葡萄籽与今天广泛种植的葡萄在基因上完全一致。接着作者感叹，尽管法国经历了君主制、帝制和共和国的政治动荡，但优良的葡萄品种却传承至今，“万变不离其宗（plus ça change）”。这强调了法国优质葡萄品种的深厚底蕴与持久传承。选项A“法国优质葡萄品种的不朽遗产”高度契合段落主旨。干扰项：[B] 法兰西共和国动荡的政治历史，政治变迁只是为了衬托葡萄传承的稳定，并非作者想要阐述的核心目的；[C] 现代红葡萄品种在基因上的劣势，属于无中生有，毫无依据；[D] 政治政权对农业实践的影响，文章恰恰在强调不管政治怎么变，酿酒的优良传统没有变，选项表意相反。

【词汇注释】

【参考译文】

葡萄酒是法国身份的基石。该国形形色色的名酒受到鉴赏家的推崇，葡萄酒的出口更是经济的重要支柱。如今，根据3月24日发表在《自然·通讯》上的一项研究，人们对酿酒的自豪感可以从酒窖延伸到考古沟壕中。在古代葡萄籽中发现的DNA表明，法国酿酒师种植和传播葡萄藤已有超过2500年的历史。

酿酒并非起源于法国。关于有意发酵葡萄酒的最早证据可以追溯到公元前6000年，其形式是在格鲁吉亚发现的罐子残留物。虽然书面的历史资料有助于解释这种做法是如何传播的，但它们提供的情况是不完整的，且往往带有偏见。通过将考古学与尖端的基因分析相结合，图卢兹大学的遗传学家卢多维克·奥兰多（Ludovic Orlando）及其同事开始勾勒出一段更为丰满的历史。

为了重建法国葡萄酒的历史，奥兰多博士和他的同事们对从法国各地考古遗址（以及历史贸易站伊比沙岛的两个遗址）中找到的46颗古代葡萄籽进行了全基因组测序。在分析中，他们还纳入了之前测序过的6颗法国葡萄籽的DNA。这些样本跨越了大约4000年的历史——从青铜时代到罗马时代，再到中世纪晚期——这为该团队提供了对法国早期酿酒师农业实践的空前洞察。

研究人员发现，他们最早的青铜时代样本（可追溯到公元前2300-2000年）是今天在法国常见的野生葡萄藤的祖先。然而，最早具有驯化葡萄藤DNA特征的葡萄籽，直到铁器时代（约公元前625-500年）才在普罗旺斯地区艾克斯附近的圣马克西曼遗址出现。这一遗传标记为法国葡萄栽培的出现设定了最晚的可能日期，潜在地支持了早期的提议，即这种做法是由公元前600年建立附近马赛城的希腊定居者引入的。

铁器时代的酒单会以一系列驯化的葡萄藤以及与野生品种的混合为傲。在这一时期沿海遗址发现的葡萄籽中，研究人员检测到了丰富的外来影响融合，其基因血统与黎凡特、亚洲西南部、巴尔干半岛和伊比利亚半岛有关。在罗马时代的葡萄籽（公元前50年-公元500年）中，这种遗传多样性爆炸式增长。研究表明，在这一时期，葡萄栽培实践进一步向内陆和北部推进，出现了新的东方影响，如来自高加索的谱系，这种影响一直持续到中世纪。

奥兰多博士和他的同事们的研究表明，这些早期酿酒师拥有令人惊讶的精湛技术。营养繁殖——通过插条的重新种植或嫁接进行繁殖——能产生基因完全相同的克隆体，这在现代葡萄栽培中处于核心地位。研究人员在不同的考古遗址中发现了各种“基因双胞胎”，并惊讶地发现营养繁殖早在铁器时代就已开始使用。插条会被运输数百公里，一些克隆谱系被保存了一千多年。奥兰多博士说，一旦早期酿酒师培育出了一种优质的葡萄藤，它可能被用作一种早期的货币形式。通过精心克隆和庞大的交换网络，最优秀的葡萄品种得以存活和传播。

有一颗生命力极强的葡萄籽让人感到熟悉。奥兰多博士和他的同事们发现，来自瓦朗谢讷的一份可追溯至公元1400-1500年的样本，是黑皮诺的精确基因复制品，这是一种如今被广泛种植的红葡萄品种。在过去这几个世纪里，法国经历了君主制向帝制的转变，以及帝制向共和国的更迭。但在重要问题上，正如法国人可能会说的那样：万变不离其宗（事物变得越多，不变的也越多）。

附注：

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