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A-Level 化学核心复习指南:质谱分析 (Mass Spectrometry)

  • 2026-10-13 03:32:21
A-Level 化学核心复习指南:质谱分析 (Mass Spectrometry)

📚 第一部分:核心词汇表(中英双语 + 英式音标)

1️⃣ 分子质谱 (Mass Spectra of Molecules)

英文词汇音标 (英式)中文释义
Mass spectra/mæs ˈspektrə/质谱
Mass spectrometer/mæs spekˈtrɒmɪtə(r)/质谱仪
Vaporised/ˈveɪpəraɪzd/汽化的
Bombarded/bɒmˈbɑːdɪd/轰击
Molecular ion/məˈlekjələ(r) ˈaɪən/分子离子
Relative abundance/ˈrelətɪv əˈbʌndəns/相对丰度
Molecular fingerprint/məˈlekjələ(r) ˈfɪŋɡəprɪnt/分子指纹
Spectral database/ˈspektrəl ˈdeɪtəbeɪs/光谱数据库
m/z value/em ziː ˈvæljuː/质荷比
Relative molecular mass/ˈrelətɪv məˈlekjələ(r) mæs/相对分子质量

2️⃣ 质谱仪及其应用 (The Mass Spectrometer & Applications)

英文词汇音标 (英式)中文释义
Relative isotopic mass/ˈrelətɪv ˌaɪsəˈtɒpɪk mæs/相对同位素质量
Isotope/ˈaɪsətəʊp/同位素
Forensic science/fəˈrensɪk ˈsaɪəns/法医学
Carbon-14 dating/ˈkɑːbən fɔːˈtiːn ˈdeɪtɪŋ/碳-14测年法
Sample injection/ˈsɑːmpl ɪnˈdʒekʃn/样品注入
Vaporisation/ˌveɪpəraɪˈzeɪʃn/汽化
Ionisation/ˌaɪənaɪˈzeɪʃn/电离
Acceleration/əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/加速
Deflection/dɪˈflekʃn/偏转
Detector/dɪˈtektə(r)/检测器
Vacuum pump/ˈvækjuːm pʌmp/真空泵
Electromagnets/ɪˈlektrəʊmæɡnəts/电磁铁
Charged plates/tʃɑːdʒd pleɪts/带电板

3️⃣ M+1峰 (The M+1 Peak)

英文词汇音标 (英式)中文释义
M+1 peak/em plʌs wʌn piːk/M+1峰
Natural abundance/ˈnætʃrəl əˈbʌndəns/自然丰度
Carbon-13/ˈkɑːbən ˈθɜːˈtiːn/碳-13
Hexane/ˈhekseɪn/己烷
Ethane/ˈiːθeɪn/乙烷

📖 知识点双语精讲 (Bilingual Knowledge Points)

🔹 模块一:分子的质谱 (Mass Spectra of Molecules)

1. 电离过程 (Ionisation Process)

  • EN: When a compound is analysed in a mass spectrometer, vaporised molecules are bombarded with a beam of high-speed electrons. These knock off an electron from some of the molecules, creating molecular ions.

  • CN: 当化合物在质谱仪中分析时,汽化的分子受到高速电子束的轰击。这些电子从部分分子中击出一个电子,从而形成分子离子。

  • Equation / 方程式: MOLECULE + e⁻ → MOLECULE⁺· + 2e⁻ (Simplified as MOLECULE⁺· + e⁻)

2. 质谱图 (Mass Spectrum)

  • EN: The relative abundances of the detected ions form a mass spectrum: a kind of molecular fingerprint that can be identified by computer using a spectral database.

  • CN: 检测到的离子的相对丰度形成了质谱图:一种可以通过计算机利用光谱数据库进行识别的分子指纹。

3. 分子离子峰 (Molecular Ion Peak)

  • EN: The peak with the highest m/z value is the molecular ion (M⁺) peak which gives information about the molecular mass of the compound. This value of m/z is equal to the relative molecular mass of the compound.

  • CN: m/z值最高的峰是分子离子 (M⁺) 峰,它提供了化合物的分子质量信息。该 m/z 值等于化合物的相对分子质量。


🔹 模块二:质谱仪及其应用 (The Mass Spectrometer & Applications)

1. 基本原理与定义 (Basic Principles & Definitions)

  • EN: The mass spectrometer is an instrument used to determine the relative isotopic mass and the relative abundance of each isotope.

  • CN: 质谱仪是用于测定各同位素的相对同位素质量和相对丰度的仪器。

  • EN: Relative isotopic mass is the mass of an individual isotope relative to the mass of carbon-12.

  • CN: 相对同位素质量是单个同位素的质量相对于碳-12质量的比值。

  • EN: Apart from finding the masses of isotopes, mass spectrometry is a very useful tool for detecting illegal drugs, forensic science, space exploration and carbon-14 dating.

  • CN: 除了测定同位素质量外,质谱法还是检测非法药物、法医学、太空探索和碳-14测年法的非常有用的工具。

2. 仪器工作流程 (Instrumentation Process)

💡 记忆口诀:注 (Injection) → 汽 (Vaporisation) → 电 (Ionisation) → 加 (Acceleration) → 偏 (Deflection) → 检 (Detection)

  • Sample injection: 样品注入。

  • Vaporisation: 样品被加热汽化 (Vaporised)。

  • Ionisation: 电子枪 (Electron gun) 轰击分子,产生正离子。

  • Acceleration: 带电板 (Charged plates) 产生电场,加速离子。

  • Deflection: 电磁铁 (Electromagnets) 产生磁场。质量小/电荷多的离子偏转大;质量大/电荷少的离子偏转小。

  • Detection: 检测器 (Detector) 记录离子,产生电信号。

  • Note / 注: 整个过程需要在真空环境下进行(由真空泵 To vacuum pump 维持),以防止离子与空气分子碰撞。


🔹 模块三:M+1峰 (The M+1 Peak)

1. 成因 (Cause)

  • EN: The [M+1] peak is a smaller peak which is due to the natural abundance of the isotope carbon-13.

  • CN: [M+1] 峰是一个较小的峰,是由同位素碳-13的自然丰度引起的。

2. 峰高与分子结构的关系 (Relation to Molecular Structure)

  • EN: The height of the [M+1] peak for a particular ion depends on how many carbon atoms are present in that molecule. The more carbon atoms, the larger the [M+1] peak is.

  • CN: 特定离子的 [M+1] 峰高度取决于该分子中存在的碳原子数量。碳原子越多,[M+1] 峰就越大。

  • EN (Example): For example, the height of the [M+1] peak for a hexane (containing six carbon atoms) ion will be greater than the height of the [M+1] peak of an ethane (containing two carbon atoms) ion.

  • CN (举例): 例如,己烷(含有六个碳原子)离子的 [M+1] 峰高度将大于乙烷(含有两个碳原子)离子的 [M+1] 峰高度。


💡 双语备考小贴士 (Exam Tips)

  • 🎯 Determining Mr / 确定相对分子质量:In exams, you are often asked to identify the Mr of an unknown compound by finding the highest m/z peak (the M⁺ peak) on the mass spectrum. / 考试中,常要求通过质谱图上最高的 m/z 峰(即 M⁺ 峰)来确定未知物的相对分子质量 (Mr)。

  • ⚠️ Distinguishing M⁺ and M+1 / 区分 M⁺ 与 M+1:The M⁺ peak represents the molecule that has lost one electron. The M+1 peak is due to the presence of a carbon-13 isotope in the molecule. / M⁺ 峰代表失去一个电子的分子;M+1 峰是由于分子中含有一个碳-13同位素。

  • 🗣️ Pronunciation Tips / 发音提示:词汇前缀 spec- 重音通常在第一个音节 (/ˈspektrə/, /ˈspektrəl/);ion- 相关词汇重音多在倒数第二个音节 (/ˌaɪənaɪˈzeɪʃn/, /ˌaɪsəˈtɒpɪk/)。通过音节拼读有助于拼写准确。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000721s ] mysql:host=172.18.0.4;port=3306;dbname=www_sjds;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000865s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000443s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000406s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000598s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000337s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000693s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 522623 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000459s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1791848463 WHERE `id` = 522623 [ RunTime:0.001439s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000406s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 522623 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000510s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 522623 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000485s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 522623 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000688s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 522623 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000617s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 522623 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.000749s ]
0.099678s